101. Asuncion, William Mercado. Effects of the periodic feeding on the production of sugpo (Penaeus monodon Fabricius) in brackishwater ponds fed either in combination or singly with commercial feed and trash fish. March 1990. 73 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1990 F5 A8) -The effects of daytime and nighttime feeding on the production of sugpo (Penaeus monodon Fabricius) fed either singly or in combination with commercial feed and trash fih were evaluated in eighteen-400 square meter brackishwater ponds of the Zamboanga State College of Marine Science and Technology, Fort Pilar, Zamboanga City from October 6, 1988 to February 6, 1989 (120 culture days) at a stocking density of 50,000 fry/ha. The different treatments with three replicates each were as follows: (I) commercial feed at daytime; (II) commercial feed at nighttime; (III) trash fish at daytime; (IV) trah fish at nighttime; (V) commercial feed and trash fish at daytime; (VI) commercial feed and trash fish at nighttime. High significant differences (P<0.05) were observed on the kind of feeds used for production, weight gain, survival, and feed conversion at harvest but no significant differences (P>0.05) were found on periodic feeding and interaction effect. The highest production was obtained in treatment II with 830 kg/ha followed by I with 702 kg/ha, treatment VI with 570 kg/ha, treatment V with 507 kg/ha, treatment I with 243 kg/ha and the lowest was treatment III 226 kg/ha. Treatment II was found to be the best among the treatments in terms of production, survival rate, net income, and net profit margin.
102. Bombeo, Isidra Bona. The effects of densities of two food organisms on the rates of survival and development of Penaeus monodon from napliius-VI to post-larval-I. May 1980. 35 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1980 F5 B66) -Experiments were conducted at the Filed Laboratory using 500-ml Erlenmeyer flasks each containing 25 nauplii (N6) to evaluate the effects of various concentrations of Tetraselmis chuii and Chaetoceros calcitrans on the survival and development of Penaeus monodon nauplii (N6) to postlarvae (P1). The concentrations was 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 x 10 4 cells/ml for T.chuii; 5.0, 7.5, 10 and 15 x 10 4 cells/ml for C. calcitrans. A completely randomized design with three replicates was used. A total of two trials were conducted. In T. chuii, the optimal concentration was 2.5 x 10 4 cells/ml for zoeae; 5.0x 10 4 for M1; 7.5 x 10 4 cells/ml for M2 to P1. The first postlarval stage (P1) was reached on the 8th eand 9th day for those fed 10 and 7.5 x 10 4 cells/ml, respectively. It took 11 days to reach the P1 stage in concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0 x 10 4 cells/ml. For Chaetoceros-fed larvae, a concentration of 5.0 x 10 4 seemed optimal for zoeal stages; 7.5 x 10 4 cells/ml for M1. Starting at M2 onward, survival rate was highest at 10 x 10 4 cells/ml. Above this concentration no statistical significance in survival rate was attained. Postlarvae (P1) emerged for the first time on the 9th day at 10 and 15 x 10 4 cells/ml; on the 11th day at densities of 5.0 and 7.5 x 10 4 cells/ml.-
103. Bongo, Nerisa G. Effects of green mussel (Perna viridis) on water quality in shrimp (Peneaus monodon) ponds. April 1994. 84 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1994 F5 B6) -A study to test the efficacy of green mussel, Perna viridis in improving the water quality in shrimp ponds was conducted at the U. P. in the Visayas Brackishwater Aquaculture Center, Leganes, Iloilo using six one thousand square meter earthen ponds from July 23, 1993 to November 4, 1993. Two treatments: Treatment 1- shrimp only and Treatme nt 11- shrimp and mussel were tested in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Penaeus monodon juveniles were stocked at 5/m2 while mussels were stocked at 100,000/ha following the rope suspension method in bamboo rafts placed at 2 corners in the pond. Water and soil parameters were monitored and analyzed during the culture period. Growth and survival of P. mondon and mussels were measured. Results of the study showed that ponds with mussel have lower levels in particulate organic matter, BOD, and algal density higher transparency and higher dossolved oxygen than treatment without mussel. However, differences between treatments were not significantly different. Regression correlation analysis with particulate organic matter showed significant results with BOD, dissolved oxygen, nitrite-nitrogen, zooplankton, transparency, temperature and salinity. Correlation between particulate organic matter and other water and soil parameters were not significant. Growth of shrimps in treatment 11 was better compared to tre
104. Calumpang, Rene T. Total Nitrogen and Phosphorus levels in brackishwater ponds: monoculture of Penaeus monodon L. and polyculture of Penaeus monodon L. with Chanos chanos F-June 1999. 80 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1999 F5 C34) The biggest contributor to the nutrient flow for all ponds was from the soil, both as a sink and as a source for both nitrogen and phosphorus. A majority of the nutrients were unaccounted: input for phosphorus and output for nitrogen. Other pathways, not quantified in the experiment, may have played significant roles in the determination of an accurate nutrient balance.
Polyculture had a definite effect on the nutrient flow both for nitrogen and phosphorus. Unaccounted phosphorus inputs of the polyculture ponds were higher compared to the monoculture ponds. Polyculture reversed the nitrogen flow from an excess nitrogen output in the monoculture ponds. The presence of milkfish was able to counteract the effects of overfeeding through probable consumption of excess feeds.
FCR in the monoculture ponds were lower compared to the polyculture ponds. This may have been caused by the possible consumption of commercial shrimp feed by milkfish.
The commercial feed used in the experiment had a greater effect on the nutrient flow for the polyculture ponds most probably due to the larger quantities introduced. The ecological advantage of polyculture should be assessed against the possible negative economic effects.-
105. Cholik, Faud. -Study on the effects of different densities of artificial shelters on the survival and growth of sugpo fry (Penaeus monodon) fabricius in nursery pond. 1978. 75 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-Graduate Faculty, UPS-Iloilo. Location: SEAFDEC-AQDL;UPV-BACL;UPV-CFOSL (LG995 1978 F5 C56). The effect of varying densities of artificial shelters made of coconut leaves on the survival and growth of fry of sugpo (Penaues monodon Fabricius) were tested in an experiment conducted in twelve 100 m2 earthen ponds of the Brackishwater Aquaculture Center with concrete trenches and collecting basins. Postlarvae of sugpo used in this study were collected from the wild which were mostly at P14 to P16. The different densities of artificial shelters tested were as follows: 1 shelter/m2 (Treatment I), 1 shelter/2 m2 (Treatment II), 1 shelter/4 m2 (Treatment III) and no shelter (Control).
Results of the experiment indicated that the effect of shelters was significant on survival but not on growth although growth of fry was apparently better in ponds with denser shelters. In this particular study, the mean survival rates of fry attained on a per treatment basis were: 90.86%, 82.00%, 64.98% and 66.25% for Treatments I, II, III and Control, respectively. It was also observed that the use of concrete trenches and collecting pits was effective in retrieving the juveniles at harvest.
106. Combras, Nilda Uy. Effect of Artificial Substrate and Supplementary Feed on the Production of Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) in Extensive Culture System. April 1991. 69 leavews. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1991 F5 C64) The study was conducted at the Brackishwater Aquaculture Center, Institute of Aquaculture, U.P.V. College of Fisheries, Leganes, Iloilo to determine the effects of artificial substrate and supplementary feed on the growth, survival and production of Penaeus monodon in an extensive culture system.
The experiment utilized twelve 200 sq. m. experimental brackishwater ponds. Four treatments were tested in a Randomized Complete Block design with 3 replicates. The treatments tested were : 1. Treatment I (Artificial Substrate Only), 2. Treatment II (Supplementary Feed Only) 3. Treatment III (Combination of Artificial Substrate and Supplementary Feed) and 4. Treatment IV (Control no substrate and no supplementary feed).
Treatment II (Supplementary Feed only ) and Treatent III (combination of artificial substrate and supplementary feed) had significantly higher growth (P<0.05) over control, Treatment IV (no artificial substrate and no suppleentary feed) and Treatment I (artificial substrate only) Treatment III (combination of artificial substrate and supplementary feed) gave the highest mean survival which was highly significantly higher (P<0.01) than Treatments I and IV. Treatment IV gave the lowest mean survival rate which was significantly lower than all other treatments. Mean production of Treatment II and III were significantly (P<0.01) higher than Treatments I and IV.-
107. Corre, Kaylen Gonzales. Polyculture of the tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon Fabricius) with Nile tilapia (Tilapia nilotica Linnaeus) in Brackishwater fishponds. April 1983. 48 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1981 F5 C67)-A study was conducted in fifteen 500 m2 ponds at SEAFDEC Leaganes Research Station, Leganes, Iloilo from October 30, 1981 to March 1, 1982 to detrmine the growth, survival and production of Penaeus monodon in polyculture with Tilapia nilotica and the extent of competition between P. mondon and T. nilotica in brackishwater ponds. The treatments consisted of: I. Prawn at 6,000/ha, 11. Tilapia at 6,000/ha, 111. Tilapia at 4,000/ha, IV. Prawn at 6,000/ha plus tilapia at 6,000/ha, and V. Prawn at 6,000/ha plus tilapia at 4,000/ha. A completely randomized design with three replicates was used. Treatment V gave the highest total production (283.32kg/ha) followed by Treatment IV (221.24 kg/ha). Treatment I had the lowest total production. Analysis of variance on total production showed significant differences (p<0.05) among treatments. Polyculture treatments (Treatment V and IV) were not different in terms of production but signficant differences were observed between polyculture (Treatment V) and monoculture treatments (Treatment I, II and III). Mean net production of prawn alone was highest in Treatment V followed by Treatment I and Treatment IV, but were not significantly differrent between treatments. A similar trend was observed on the mean weight gain and percentage survival of prawn. Mean net production of tilapia was relatively low in all treatments. The low production of tilapia could be due to low survival (33% to 52%) and slow growth. Competition between prawn and tilapia at stocking combination of 6,000 tilapia/ha was evident. Total yield polyculture was better than monoculture. Polyculture of prawn at 6,000/ha and tilapia at 4,000/ha appeared feasible.-
108. De la Cruz, Aklani Rose Gamboa. Quality assessment of shrimps (Penaeus mondon) cultured by intensive and extensive methods. May 1992. 132 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1992 F5 D4)-Effects of intensive and extensive methods of culture on the quality of harvested shrimps for export were evaluated. Microbiological quality (total plate count or TPC, E. coli counts, identification of microflora andd detection of human pathogens) of six pond waters using intensive (Ponds 1, 3 and 5) and extensive (Ponds 2, 4 and 6) methods of shrimp culture were monitored during the pre-stocking of larvae, at the middle of culture period and at the end or before harvest. Quality of newly harvested shrimps, when stored in ice were assessed by microbiological (total plate count, identification of microflora and detection of human pathogens such as vibrio spp. and samonella), chemical (K-value, pH, amino acid nitrogen and proximate composition) and sensory evaluation (raw and cooked shrimps) tests. The microbial quality of waters from ponds using intensive and extensive methods were then correlated with the quality of harvested shrimps. Differences among the samples were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with interaction at P<0.05. Total plate counts (TPC's) and E. coli counts of pond waters were significantly affected by the culture method and stage of culture. The use of animal manure, particularly in extensive culture method, affected the TPC and E. coli counts of water only at the initial stage of culture. Microflora of pond water is not affected by the culture method used. All pond waters were dominated by Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Bacillus at the initial stage of culture; Enterobacteriaceae, pesudomonas and Vibrio at the middle; and predominantly Enterobacteriaceae at the end of culture. Pathogens such as vibrio spp. and salmonella were also detected regardless of method used. TPC's of newly harvested shrimps were significantly higher in samples from extensive culture ponds but not during storage in ice. Initially, microflora of shrimps harvested from intensive culture ponds were domianted by Bacillus, Enterobacteriaceae and Aeromonas while extensive culture ponds were dominated by Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus, Aeromonas and Pseudomonas. TPC's of shrimps were significantly higher than TPC's of water. However, no correlation could be established between the microflora of shrimps and that of the pond water. K-value, AA-N and pH of shrimps stored in ice had high correlation with storage time. However, these were not significantly affected by the culture method used. Proximate compositions of shrimps showed significantly higher protein and moisture contents on shrimps culture by intensive method while higher fat content on shrimps cultured by extensive method. Ash content of shrimps was not affected by the method of culture.-
109. De la Vega, Arlene Manalo. Pigmentation of Penaeus mondon: distribution and retention of astaxanthin. August 1989. 59 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1989 F5 D4)-The relationship between visual coloration of Penaeus monodon and the different culture system of varying food base and the total carotenoid and free astaxanthin content in the tissue was investigated. Prawn samples were collected from ponds characterized by, traditional, extensive and intensive culture (with a production of <300, 300-1200, >4500 kg.ha respectively. Subsamples consisting of twenty prawns each were taken from three ponds of each culture system. The degree of pigmentation decreased with increasing culture intensity and decreasing contribution of natural food. The visually judged coloration based on a scale of 0 to 5, where 0 represents teh lightest coloration and 5 means maximum pigmentation, were 3.43, 2.57 and 1.33 for raw and 3.33, 2.57 and 1.17 for cooked prawns collected from traditional, extensive and intensive ponds, respectively. The levels of total carotenoids were 188.8, 76.8 and 17.3 ug/g while the free astaxanthin were 40.4, 33.0 and 9.6 ug/g in the carapace of P. monodon from the traditional, extensive and intensive system respectively. Visually, the intensity of natural coloration and the red coloration after cooking paralleled the relative differences in the levels of total carotenoids and free astaxanthin (correlation coefficients with carapace were +0.86 and +0.78, respectively). In another, study the involvement of astaxanthin in the conversion between light brown and blue prawns cultured in intensive ponds was assessed. Prwans from an intensive pond in Negros Occidental, having about 38% blue prawns were exposed to adiet containing 12 ppm astaxanthin. The concentration of total carotenoids, free astaxanthin, astaxanthin monoester and astaxanthin diester in the carapace of blue prawns were 19.8, 9.7, 1.7 and 5.3 ug/g respectively while that of light brown prawns were 32.8, 11.9, 7.8 and 14.2 ug/g respectively at the start of the experiment. A significant (P<0.05) decrease in the percentage of blue prawns from the original 38% to 2% had been observed after twelve days of feeding the astaxanthin-enriched diet. The level of total carotenoids and the various forms of astaxanthin increased by about 25% after treatment, whereas that of blue prawns which remained blue even after treatment remained the same or even decreased in some cases. Another sutdy was conducted to determine the optimum dosage of astaxanthin in the feed that will impart the desired coloration of P. monodon and retention of dietary astaxanthin but feed related problems have been encountered giving poor results. The results obtained from these studies suggest that pigmentation of cultured prawns is dependent upon teh presence of dietary carotenoids, specifically astaxanthin. The inclusion of at least 12 ppm astaxanthin in the diet is required to achieve the acceptable coloration of P. monodon.-
110. Dejarme, Henry Espina. Effect of feeding four geographical strains of Artemia and Brachionus Plicatilis on the survival and growth of Penaeus monodon myses and postlarvae. April 1982. 40 leaves.Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1982 F5 D45 ) A completely randomized design experiment was conducted to test the effect of different geographical strains of Artemia on the survival and growth of P. monodon myses and postlarvae. P. monodon were reared for a period of 15 days at 30 per liter initial stocking density in 20-L conical plexiglass tanks. They were fed a single diet of Artemia nauplii from Australia provided the highest survival (24.37-), followed by Brazil strain (21.53-), Utah (18.67-) and lastly, San Pablo Bay (14.67-). However, statistical analysis for survival rates transformed to arcsine scale showed no statistical difference. Highest growth, in terms of developmental stages and presented as larval growth index (LGI) was 7 (postlarva 5) but a greater proportion of the harvested postlarvae had an LGI of 5 (post larva 3). Analysis of variance for growth likewise showed no significant difference.
An additional treatment diet consisting of adult Brachionus plicatilis was included in the experiment as this endemic zooplankton is routinely fed to myses and newly metamorphosed postlarvae of P. Monodon. rates of survival (0.80-) and growth (postlarva 2-3 or LGI =4.75) were not comparable to any of the Artemia strains tested.
It is concluded that Artemia nauplii from geographical strains are alike in food value for P. monodon myses and postlarvae. It is concluded that B. plicatilis, an excellent larval food for mysis, is inadequate for the latter postlarval stages.-
111. Dela Peña, Dioscoro T.,Jr.-Effect of Different Levels of Aeration and Mechanical Agitation on the Development and Survival of Penaeus Monodon Fabricius Larvae. December 1982. 53 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1982 F5 D44) The experiment was conducted in the Small-Scale Hatchery Laboartory, Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC), in Tigbauan, Iloilo from September 1981 to September 1982.
The first phase of the experiment evaluated the effect of different aeration (air flow) levels on the growth and survival of Penaeus monodon larvae from nauplius to postlarva 5. No significant difference in survival was obtained among the air flow rates used except at 0 l/min. Highest survival of 29.8 - was obtained from air flow rates 1.575 +- 0.061 l/min followed by 26.11 - at 1.100+-0.111 L/min, 25.97 - at 0.454 +- 0.022 L/min and 3.22 - at 0 L/min. There was no significant differnce in growth using the combined analysis of experimental runs. However, at 0 L/min air flow rate, metamorphosis of the larvae was one day delayed using the analysis per run.
Phase II of the experiment evaluated the effect of mechanical agitation on the growth and survival of P. monodon larvae. Mechanical agitation was effected using paddles powered by an electric motor (1/3 HP, 1725 rpm) with an accessory reduction gear and pulley system to produce a final speed of 3.5 rpm. Mean survival rate was highest with aeration (control, 29.40 -) followed by treatment withcontinous agitation (23.24 -). Differences between these two treatments were not significant but significantly higher than with intermittent agitation. No significant differnces in growth of P. monodon using aeration, continous agitation and intermittent agitation was observed.
Lowest dissolved oxygen recorded for -both experimental phases were above the critical level. At 0 L/min air flow rate lowest dissolved oxygen value was 2.0 ppm and for intermittent agitation was 3.3 ppm.-
112. Destajo, Warnita H. Fish meal and shrimp head meal as major dietary protein sources for Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) Juvenile-July 1979. 60 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1979 F5 D48) Four isonitogenous, isocaloric supplemental diets containing various levels of fish meal and shrimp head meal were fed to penaeus monodon juveniles stocked at a rate of 3/m2 in 500 m2 brackishwater earthen ponds to evaluate their effects on the growth response, survival and body composition of P. monodon juvenile grown to marketable size for a period of 15 weeks.
There were no significant differences (P<0.05) in terms of growth, feed conversion ratio, survival and production of prawns fed the four experimental diets. However, diet B gave best growth followed by diets C, D and A. Similarly, feed conversion ratio of diet B was the best. Next, in descending order, were diets A, C and D. Diet A provided the highest survival rate followed by diets B, D and C. The total production and income above feed cost were highest for prawns receiving diet B and were followed indecreasing order by those fed diets A, D and C.
Prawn fed diet B had the highest body protein content and were followed by those fed diet C, then, diets A and D which were approximately equal. Lipid content was lowest for those fed diet A and were nearly the same for those fed the other diets. However , the body as contents were high for those fed diets A and D and low for those fed diets B and C.
Although no significant differences were found among the various treatments, results of this study indicated that the diets containing the combination of fish meal and shrimp head meal as animal protein sources were better utilizedby shrimp than when the animal protein was substituted totally by either fish -meal or shrimp head meal. The combination in which 2/3 animal protein composed of fish meal and 1/3 of shrimp head meal was found to be the most efficient and economical feed.-
113. Estrellada, Ronnie Pamatong. A contribution to the biology of the deep-sea prawn, Heterocarpus gibbosus Bate, 1888 (Family Pandalidae) caught by traps in inner Davao Gulf. January 1992. 83 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1992 F5 E8) Hetrocarpus gibbosus population in the inner waters of the Davao Gulf, Philippines was studied. Based on the results of the study conducted fro December 1989 to November 1990, H. gibbosus was found in abundance at depths between 300-400 meters and in lessr concentration at depths of 0-100 meters. They are causght throughout the year with peak abundance during May and June. Females predominate males in all depths and all months with an average sex ratio of 2.14:1 with no evidence of protandry. Ovigerous individuals are caught throughout the year but the peak is observed from January to March. Generally size distribution and abundan ce are correlated with depth of water. Sizes of prwn increases but abundance decreases as depth increases. Size at first maturity was computed at 21.0mm CL. Length frequency analysis using ELEFAN produced estimates of growth parameters as Loo = 41.0 mm CL, K = 0.85 per year and mortality is estimated at Z = 3.93. The estimated average catch rate in the inner Davao Gulf is 143 grams per hour per trap of Heterocarpus gibbosus.-
114. Eya, Alita Eulatrez. Ovarian maturation and hatching rates of pond-reared Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards at different salinity levels. May 1985. 48 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1985 F5 E83) Pond-reared Penaeus indicus (H. Milne Edwards) were subjected to different salinity levels in tanks for two months to test the effect of salinity on ovarian maturation (number of spawnings), fecundity and hatching rates of eggs.
The total number of spawnings was not significantly different (at 5- level) at various levels of salinity (22, 32 and 42 ppt). However, differences in the fecundity and hatching rates were highly significant (P<0.01). Highest number of eggs per spawning per female and hatching rate (61,562 eggs and 69.18 - respectively) were obtained at 32 ppt. Fecundity was lower at 42 ppt than at 22 ppt (17,103 vs. 29,630 eggs, respectively), but the hatching rate was significantly higher (43.02 - vs. 26.51 -, respectively). Percent survival of P. indicus broodstock was also significantly different (P<0.05) at various levels of salinity (46.94 - at 22 ppt, 72.51 - at 32 ppt and 88.89 - at 42 ppt).
Successful maturation without eyestalk ablation and reproduction of the pond-reared P. indicus in tanks can be made possible as long as water quality is maintained close to that of good open water. The species can tolerate relatively higher levels of salinity even during its reproductive phase. However, this study indicated that at 32 ppt salinity maturation was easily attained with higher fecundity (61,562 eggs), hatching rate (69.18 -) and survival (72.51 -) than in other levels of salinity tested.-
115. Fernandez, Pepito M. Effect of stocking densities on the growth and survival of wild and hatchery-produced sugpo (Penaeus monodon Fabricius) fry in nursery ponds with artificial shelters. July 1979. 65 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1979 F5 F47) A study, consisting of two experiments, was conducted at the Brackishwater Aquaculture Center (BAC) of the U.P. College of Fisheries, Leganes, Iloilo from October 5 to November 17, 1978: (1) to determine the effect of various stocking densities on the growth and survival of wild and hatchery produced sugpo, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, postlarvae in brackishwater nursery ponds provided with artificial shelters, and (2) to evaluate the usefulness of artificial shelters for sugpo fry in nursery operation. Stocking densities tested were 25, 50, and 75/m2 for the wild fry and 15, 30, and 45/m2 for the hatchery produced postlarvae.
Growth rate of postlarvae taken from the wild differed significantly (P<0.10) among the treatments, ranging from 5.7 to 9.6 mg/day. The group at 50 postlarvae/m2 had the highest rate of growth, while that at 75 fry/m2 had the lowest after 30 days of culture. Periodic growth rate was the fastest during the second 10-day period and slowest during the first 10-day period of experiment. Food was the primary factor that influenced the growth of the postlarvae. Differences in the recovery rates of the wild stock were not significant (P>0.10). Mean recovery rates ranged from 84.0 - to 93.6 -, with the stocking density of 25 fry/m2 producing the highest. Aside from increasing the surface area of each pond by 40 -, the artificial shelters served: (1) as mechanical aids for the postlarvae to escape from predation and cannibalism, (2) as substrates for food and additional grazing areas, (3) as substrates for the obligate clinger postlarvae, and (4) to ...-moderate the stirring effects of water movements and heavy downpours that could have created turbid conditions unfavorable for the postlarvae and the biological productivity of the ponds.
Growth and survival for the hatchery-produced postlarvae could not be ascertained as a result of the very low survival obtained. Mass mortality of the stock was believed to have occured shortly after stocking time.-
116. Figueroa-Bombeo, Ruby. Growth and survival of Penaeus monodon and Chanos chanos fry fed with Artemia singly or in combination with artificial diet. March 1983. 48 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1983 F5 F54) Average total length (26.91 mm) which are significantly different from other treatments. Best feed conversion of 9.52 was obtained with fry fed pulverized diet which is significantly different from the feed conversion of fry fed with moist diet alone. Protein efficiency ratio of milkfish fry fed with Artemia is significantly higher than the other treatments. Survival was highest with those fedwith Artemia (48-) but this is not significantly different from those fed with other diets. Milkfish fry with an average weight of 20.7 mg prefer Artemia witha size ranging from 1 to 2 mm. An experiment was conducted to compare growth and survival of prawn and milkfish fry fed with Artemia, artificial diet and the combination of Artemia and artificial diet in a 1:1 ratio. Penaeus monodon postlarvae and Chanos chanos frywere reared for 30 days at 15/liter stocking density in aquaria and white basinsrespectively. There was no significant difference in average final weight of prawn postlarvae fed with Artemia and moist diet (0.09 g) compared to other diets except with postlarvae fed with moist diet alone (0.02 g). Postlarvae fed with Artemia+ moist diet had the highest average length (25.71 mm) but this was not significantly different from the average length of postlarvae fed with Artemia + pellet and Artemia alone. Postlarvae fed with pelletized diet had a feed conversion ratio of 1.52 which is significantly different from the feed conversion of postlarvae fed with Artemia but not with other treatments. Protein efficiency ratio of postlarvae fed with Artemia and pellet (4.09) was significantly higher than those of all other treatments. Survival of postlarvae was highest (64.45-) whenfed with pellets which is significantly higher than other diets except those fedwith Artemia and pelleted diet (54.07-). Prawn postlarae (PL7-10) prefer Artemia with a size ranging from 3 to 5 mm. Artemia fed milkfish fry have the highest average body weight (0.14 g) and -
117. Gomez, Dennis Kaw. Prevalence of Hepatopancreatic Parvo-Like Virus (HPV) Infection in Hatchery-Reared Penaeus Monodon Postlarvae in Panay. April 1998. 39 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1998 F5 G6 ) Analysis of survey data of shrimp Penaeus monodon postlarval stages (PL12 to PL19) recorded at SEAFDEC, AQD Fish Health Laboratory from hatcheries in Panay (1993 to 1996) indicated that low HPV infection prevalence that ranged from 1.2 - to 13.3 -. While postlarval samples (PL1 to PL19) from three hatcheries in Iloilo also showed low prevalence of HPV infection ranged from 7.8 - to 26.4 - (50PL/L). These findings were based on histological examinations of hepatopancreas stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The earliest postlarval stage found infected was PL3. The presence of hypertrophied nucleus in the hepatopancreas tubule epithelial cell diagnostic of HPV intranuclear inclusion body is indicative of HPV infection.
Histological method (H&E and Feulgen stains) was significantly (P<0.01) better than impression smear in the diagnosis of HPV infection in Penaeus monodon postlarvae (PL3 to PL29) reared at two stocking densities (25 and 50 PL/L). This study showed low diagnostic suitability of Giemsa impression smear and advantage of histological method when HPV infection prevalence is low. // There was no significant increase in the mean prevalence of HPV infection in postlarval stages at two rearing densities.-
118. Hamid, Azwar-The Effect of Management Practices in Intensive Prawn Culture on the Organic Matter Level of the Water ways, Province of North Sumatra, Indonesia.-December 1991. 77 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1991 F5 H345) -The effect of management practices in intensive prawn culture system on the organic matter level of the waterways of North Sumatra (indonesia) was assessed February 7, 1991 until August 6, 1991. This was made from 5 sampling periods and 3 sampling stations. Results show increasing trends in Biological Oxygen Demand, phytoplankton density, soil sedimentation, Carbon/Nitrogen (-), Nitrogen Total (-), Phosphorus available, potential acidity and acetate soluble sulfate; and decreasing trends in Iron-available, and Aluminum-exchangeable ions over time. Correlations of these parameters and the two pond management practices (feeding rates and water exchange) show trends of highly significant adverse effect on the environment.-
119. Hamid, Noor. Effect of pH on Ammonia Toxicity and Its Influence on Survival and Growth of the Early Larval Stages of Penaeus monodon (Fabricius). October 1991. 65 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1991 F5 H34) Acute and chronic toxicity of ammonia at different pH levels (7.0, 7.5, 8.0 and 8.5) and its effect on growth and survival of the early larval stages of Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) were determined. An increase of ammonia toxicity when the water pH increases was revealed in 96-h acute test. Estimated LT50 decreased frrom 101.09 h to 25.16 h for zoea at 8 ppm, 115.79 h to 11.26 h for mysis at 24 ppm and from 51.41 h to 22.58 h for PL of P. monodon when pH increased. In a 16 day pH-ammonia combination chronic test, it was indicated that 3 ppm and 6 ppm ammonia exposure effect both survival and growth of P. monodon larvae. Survival was decreased by 27 - in 3 ppm and by 48 - in 6 ppm ammonia compared to control while growth was reduced by 4.4 - in 3 ppm and 6.5 - in 6 ppm compared to control. Increasing pH of the water resulted to significantly lower survival in zoea, mysis and postlarvae of P. monodon. Growth stage was not significantly affected by the difference of pH, based on growth index measurement.-
120. Hossain, S.M. Zahangir.-Effects of microbound diets containing various animal : plant protein ratios on the larval development and survival of Penaeus monodon (Fabricius). May 1990. 84 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1990 F5 H68) The effects of control live food (Skeletonema costatum + Artemia salina) and four types of microbound diet (MBD) with different plant and animal protein ratios were tested on the survival and development of prawn, P. monodon, larvae from the zoea1 to postlarvae1.
Preliminary runs (December 28, 1989 to January 10, 1990) were terminated earlier than the required period due to high larval mortality caused by the prolonged low temperature (24o-26 oC), weak larvae with less feeding tendency and infection of larvae by luminous bacteria (Vibrio sp).
The results of the final run (March 5-19, 1990) showed that feeding of microbound diets with prawn larvae delayed metamorphosis by 1 to 2 days than live food. The differences of larval development between the live food and MBD1 were insignificant (P<0.05) but distinctly different (P>0.01) from the rest MBD. The required to complete each alrval substage for each feeding treatment were significantly different (P>0.01). The larval survival rates for the live food (41.14 -), MBD1 (36.55 -) and MBD2 (32.92 -) were not significantly different (P<0.05), but they were significantly different (P>0.01) from MBD3 (27.38 -) and MBD4 (9.38-). The MBD3 also showed significantly higher survival than MBD4 at 1 - level.
Apparently, the larval survival rate was directly related withbthe larval growth but inversely with the days of rearing period. The formulated diets (MBD) with 45.6 - to 48.4 - protein levels showed no profound effects on the survival and growth of the larvae.
The least costs MBD with higher animal protein contents-(MBD1 and MBD2) showed faster larval development and better survival than diets (MBD3 and MBD4) with lower animal proteins. Results also indicated that the higher levels of squid meals in feeds (MBD1 a nd MBD2) gave higher survival rate and faster growth of larvae and metamorphosis as compared to feeds with more than 15 - of soybean meal and 7 - of white fish meal (MBD3 and MBD4). The inclusion of skim milk was found advantageous over white fish meal in presence of squid and acetes meals.-
121. Isorena-Morales, Minerva. The effects of methanol-soluble extracts, amino acids and their derivatives on the feeding response of juvenile prawns (Penaeus monodon Fabricius). June 1990. 46 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1990 F5 I86) The chemostimulant activity of methanol-soluble extracts from several aquatic animals and soybean meal, and crystalline form of alanine, arginine, proline, glutamic acid, glycine, betaine and taurine which are the major components of the extracts were evaluated in juvenile prawns, Penaeus monodon Fabricius. The feeding response index to, and the amount of feed consumed, of diets containing the extracts or amino acids and derivatives were the bases for evaluation.
Diets containing extracts of marine worm, prawn head, and mussel meat, elicited a significantly higher feeding response index (P<0.05) over the other extracts of peruvian fishmeal, snail, shark, squid and soybean meal. Although rate of consumption of a diet containing an extract of prawn head was the highest, it was not significantly different (P>0.05) from the rate of consumption for diets containing other extracts. Extracts of soybean meal and squid were least consumed, having no significant difference (P>0.05) from the consumption rate of starch control pellets.
Results showed thay gly is the major stimulant for P. monodon, followed by bet and tau. Any two combination of these three elicited greater stimulation than just one, but the combination of these three in the diet did no enhance feed attractability and consumption. The least concentration required for gly-tau was 0.02 M gly + 0.02 M tau as feeding attractant but 0.04 M gly + 0.04 tau is required to stimulate maximum feed consumption. For bet-tau mixture, 0.04 M bet + 0.02 M tau is the optimum concentration for feed attraction while any of the-following concentration will stimulate feed intake : 0.04 M tau + 0.16 M bet; 0.04 M bet + 0.16 M tau or 0.08 M of both. Other chemical stimulants evaluated did not effect effect positive feeding activity in P. monodon. The omission of the glu and arg increased feed consumption significantly, suggesting deterrent or repelling properties of these amino acids. These results showed that feeding receptors of P. monodon recognize gly, bet and tau as stimulants, and may suggest that a stereo-specificity at the receptor surface of prawns for these amino acid and derivatives.-
122. Janeo, Rosy Lumajen-Effects of feeds on the particulate organic matter content of water of prawn ponds at two stocking densities-April 1993. 103 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1993 F5 J3) A study was conducted to determine the effects of feeds on the particulate organic matter of prawn ponds at two stocking densities in a Split-split Plot Design. The stocking densities were 32,000/ha (Trt I) and 68,000 (Trt II). Four 1-ha ponds were used and divided into two sampling points, the downwind (S) and upwind (N) corners while sampling was done before (M1) and after (M2) water exchange.
Feeding significantly increased the level of particulate organic matter in the water but did not appreciably increase the organic matter content of the soil. Results obtained on correlation of particulate organic mater with the physico-chemical parameters of the soil and water showed a highly positive correlation with Biochemical Oxygen Demand, NH3-N, NO2-N, phytoplankton density, chlorophyll and soil organic matter while a highly negative correlation was observed with dissolve oxygen.
Correlation analysis on particulate organic matter with other physico-chemical parameters like temperature, salinity, pH, phosphate and total nitrogen gave a low and not significant coefficients (P>0.05).
Analysis of variance further showed significant differences between management levels but not with treatments and wind directions in almost all of the parameters analyzed.-
123. Kanindot, Victorina Morrok. Effects of direct and indirect stocking on growth, survival and production of Penaeus monodon postlarvae in grow-out ponds. April 1992. 53 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1992 F5 K35) The effects of direct and indirect stocking on growth, survival and production of Penaeus monodon postlarvae in grow-out ponds were studided using twelve 400 sq. m. brackishwater ponds of the Zamboanga State College of arine Sciences and Technology, Fort Pilar, Zamboanga City from May 22, 1991 to September 22, 1991 with a stocking density of 5 fry per square meter. Three treatments namely Treatment I (direct stocking in pond), Treatment II (indirect stocking, one week holding in hapa net then release in pond) and Treatment III (indirect stocking, two weeks holding in hapa net then release in pond) were evaluated in a Completely Randomized Design with four replicates.
Highest growth of prawn, measured in terms of mean agin in weight was attained in Treatment I with mean gain in weight of 33.83 grams after 120 days of culture, followed by Treatment II with mean gain in weight of 32.34 grams. Treatment III gave the loewr gain in weight of 31.59 grams.
Similarly, highestpercent survival of 67.76 - was obtained in Treatment I followed by Treatment II with a value of 65.57 - and the lowest Treatment III (46.45 -). On the other hand, production (kg/ha) of Penaeus mondon aws highest in Treatment I (1, 145 kg/ha) followed by Treatment II (1, 060.11 kg/ha) while Treatment III obtained 735.59 kg/ha. Statistical analysis showed significant differnces in growth, mean percent survival and production among treatments, but no significant difference on feed conversion ratio at 5 - level.
Physico-chemical parameters of the pond soil and water measured in all treat--ments during the 120 culture days period were within the tolerable range of prawn culture.
Based on the results of this study the economic analysis showed that Treatment I (direct stocking) to be the best among treatments in terms of net income and net profit margin.-
124. Lusica, Nancy M.-The effects of nitzschia closterium on the survival and development of Penaeus monodon from zoea-1 to postlarva-1. April 1982. 43 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1982 F5 L37) Penaeus monodon were reared from Z1 to M1 and from M1 to P1 using Nitzschia closterium at various feeding levels. Concentrations employed were 15, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 x 10 raised to 3 cells/ml.
Algal density of 100 x 10 raised to 3 cells/ml seemed optimal for zoeal stages, where highest survival of 65.22 - was obtained. However, not all larvae passed into mysis as compared to zoeae fed at higher densities (150-250 x 10 raised to 3 cells/ml).
Feeding concentrations of 150 x 10 raised to 3 cells/ml also seemed optimal for mysis. Larvae fed at this feeding level yielded a high survival percentage of 62.22 and a faster rate of development. All larvae reached P1 on the fourth day of culture.
Using N. closterium, C. calcitrans and P. triconutum as food, N. closterium and C. calcitrans-fed zoeae had consistently higher survival of 55.0- and 54.75 - respectively than P. triconutum-fed larvae. The rate of development was also faster in zoea given the two diatoms. Mortality in larvae fed with P. tricornutum was apparently due to the cell configurations rather than size and the macronutrient contents of the diatom.
Survival and development were also higher and faster in myses given C. calcitrans and N. closterium. Larval response to P. tricornutum was relatively poor.-
125. Mangalik, Arthur. Effects of various lipid sources on the growth and survival rates of Penaeus monodon Fabricius from postlarvae to juveniles in a controlled environment-April 1979. 65 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1979 F5 M35 ) The effect of various lipid sources (corn oil, coconut oil, soybean oil, beef tallow, pork lard, and fish oil) on the growth and survival rates of Penaeus monodon Fabricius were evaluated in three separate feeding studies using 60-liter wooden glass aquaria. Two trials utilized a flow through system and during the third trial approximately two-thirds of the water volume was changed daily.
Results of these experiments indicate that the growth rates were significantly different (P<0.05) among the treatments only in the first trial. The diet containing beef tallow provided better growth than the other lipid sources. Survival rates of shrimps that received diets containing fish oil (first and third trials) were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those fed other lipid sources except with beef tallow diet. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) on either growth or survival among the treatments during the second trial. // Better feed conversions were obtained with beef tallow and fish oil diets. The level of crude protein of the body of shrimp fed diets containing beef tallow and fish oil were slightly higher but the body fat contents were slightly lower compared to the shrimp fed other lipid sources. Crude fiber of the shrimp fed diet containing fish oil were significantly lower (P<0.05) than the shrimp fed with other lipid sources.
Beef tallow and fish oil were judged s uperior to any other lipid sources followed in a descending order, by soybean oil, coconut oil, pork lard, and corn oil.-
126. Manzano, Virginia B.-Determination of stocking rates of mullet (Mugil sp.) and prawn (Penaeus monodon Fabricius) in polyculture system. January 1982. 37 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1982 F5 M35) An experiment was conducted in twenty-one units of 171 m2 earthen ponds in the Brackishwater Fishpond Project of the Bicol University College of Fisheries, San Carlos, Tabaco, Albay. The primary aim was to determine an optimum stocking combination of MUllet (Mugil angeli Blaeker and Mugil Dussumieri Cuvier and Valenciennes) and prawn (Penaeus mondon Fabricius) including their growth, survival, and competition. The stocking combination tested utilizing a completely random design in 120-day trial were : 5000 prwn/ha (Treatment I); 5000 mullet/ha (Treatment II); 7,500 mullet/ha (Treatment III); 10,000 mullet/ha (Treatment IV); 5000 mullet/ha plus 5000 prawn/ha (Treatment V); 7,500 mullet/ha plus 5000 prawn/ha (Treatment VI); 10000 mullet/ha plus 5000 prawn/ha (Treatment VII). // Total production obtained from each treatment in decending order were : Treatment VII - 137.95 kg/ha; Treatment VI - 125.45 kg/ha; Treatment V - 117.76 kg/ha; Treatment I - 70.7 kg/ha; Treatment IV - 52.94 kg/ha; Treatment III - 38.79 kg/ha; and Treatment II - 26.35 kg/ha. The low production obtained in all treatments could be attributed to the low growth potential of the species used and low recovery. Highest weight gain of 0.36 g/day for prawn was obtained in Treatment V which was significantly higher (P<0.01) than all of the other treatments. In Treatment V, mullet attained a weight increment of 0.12 g/day. The average survival rate for mullet ranged from 51.9 to 70.8 -. For prawn it was 32.6 to 53.9 -. Intraspecific competition in mullet was observed in the highest stocking density-(10,000/ha) among the monoculture systems recording a value of 0.086. Intraspecific competition between mullet and prawn was nil. The polyculture of mullet and prawn therefore seemed feasible.-
127. Martosudarmo, Budiono. Effects of different substrates and selected feeds on the growth and survival of hatchery-produced Penaeus monodon postlarvae. December 1983. 83 leaves. -Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1983 F5 M37) A 4 x 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD) utilising 24 units of 1 x 1 x 0.8 m3 suspension nets installed in a 500 sq m brackishwater pond was conducted at the UPVCF-Brackishwater Aquaculture Center, Leganes, Philippines. Fifteen-day-old hatchery-produced Penaus monodon postlarvae were utilized in the experiment at a stocking density of 500 postlarvae per net.
Four types of substrates (bamboo screen, plastic sheet, nylon screen and without substrate) and two kinds of food (lab-lab and mussel meat) were used as treatments replicated 3 times each to determine their effects on the growth and survival of postlarvae in 30 days. Water parameters such as salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and ammonia were monitored regularly.
Results indicated no significant effect (P>0.05) of substrates on the growth of P. monodon postlarvae. Howver, a highly significant effect (P<0.01) on survival was observed. The survival of postlarvae differed significantly (P<0.05) in treatments provided with the various substrates than in those without substrates. No significant difference (P>0.05) in survival was noted among bamboo screen, plastic sheet or nylon screen substrates.
The effect of the two food sources, lab-lab and minced mussel meat, on the growth of the postlarvae during the first 20 days of rearing was not significant (P>0.05) indicating that these food sources were comparable. However, after 30 days of culture, growth was observed to be significant (P<0.05) which could be due to the difference in protein content between the two foods and the -preference of the animals for mussel meat. The effect of the food types on the survival of postlarvae was not significant, although a significant interaction between feeds and substrates on the survival was observed.-
128. Mendoza, Emiliana C. Quantitative dietary lipid requirements of Penaeus monodon juveniles in a controlled environment. April 1982. 30 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1982 F5 M45)-Penaeus monodon juveniles with an average weight of 0.38 g were stocked at a rate of 30 individuals in 60- liter fiberglass aquaria filled with 40 liters of filtered seawater. Water with salinity range of 31.0 to 32.5 ppt and temperature of 23.0 to 27.0 oC was allowed to flow continuously at a rate of 0.8 to 1.0 liter per minute. Shrimps were ed isonitrogenous (40 - protein) and isocaloric diets (2,670 kcal of D.E./kg) containing 1.75, 4.90, 8.50, 11.65 and 15.50 - total lipid at a daily rate of 10 - of the biomass for a period of 8 weeks. Supplemetal lipid (1:1 ratio of cod liver oil and soybean oil) was added at levels of 0.0, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0 and 12 .0- of the diet.
Results of the experiment indicated that shrimps fed the diet containing 15.50 - total lipid had the highest weight gain which was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those receiving 1.75, 4.90 and 8.50 - lipid levels. The second highest weight gain (0.80g) was obtained with shrimps fed 11.65 - lipid level but was not significantly different (P>0.05) from that of the treatment with 15.50 - lipid. No significant differnces (P>0.05) were found among the feed conversion values and protein efficiency ratios for diets containing total lipid levels higher than a.75 -. However, feed conversion and P.E.R. were best for the 11.65- lipid diet. The average survival rate was highest for the treatment fed the highest dietary level of lipid. No significant differences (P>0.05) were found in survival rate of shrimps receiving diets with lipid levels higher than 1.75 -. Total body fat content increased with -increasing levels of dietary lipid. Protein content varied significantly. Body ash did not differ significantly from each other.
Thus, a dietary leevl of around 12 - total lipid was apparently required by P. monodon juveniles for maximum growth, efficient feed conversion and protein efficiency ratio, and optimum survival rate.-
129. Nalzaro, Gloria Galeza-Quantitative dietary cholesterol requirement of Penaeus monodon juveniles. April 1982. 47 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1982 F5 N34) Penaeus monodon juveniles with an average weight of 0.22 g were stocked in 60-l oval fiberglass aquaria filled with 40 liters of sand-gravel filtered seawater. Water with salinity range from 29 to 32 ppt and temperature fro 22.8 to 27.5oC was allowed to flow continously at a rate of 0.8 to 1.0 l/min. Shrimps were fed isonitrogenous (45 - protein) and isocaloric (3,800 Kcal of M.E./kg) diets containing 0.75, 1.10, 1.37, 1.67, 1.87, 2.62 and 2.70 - total cholesterol at a daily rate of 10 - of the biomass for 8 weeks. // Shrimps fed the 1.10 - cholesterol diet had significantly the highest weight gain while those fed 2.70 - cholesterol had the lowest weight gain. Although low feed conversion and high frequency ratios were obtained with the 1.10 - cholesterol, no significant differences were found among various treatments in both parameters. Survival rate was significantly highest for shrimps fed the 0.75 - dietary cholesterol. The fat contents of the shrimps were similar in all treatments. This indicated that the levels of cholesterol in the diets had no effect on the body fat of shrimps. Shrimps are capable of storing relatively large quantities of cholesterol in the body. The cholesterol contents of shrimps significantly increased with increasing dietary levels of cholesterol. However, a dietary level of cholesterol between 0.75 and 1.10 - is adeqaute for maintaining constant level of body cholesterol. Results of this experiment indicated that a total dietary level of cholesterol between 0.75 and 1.10 - was required by P. monodon juveniles for maximum growth, low-feed conversion, high protein efficiency ratio, high survival rate and maintenance of constant level of body cholesterol.-
130. Ogburn, Damian. Survival and rate of metamorphosis of Penaeus monodon fabricius larvae fed microencapsulated egg diets. May 1984. 62 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1984 F5 O32) The rate of metamorphosis and survival of Penaeus monodon abricius larvae from Protozoea 1 to Postlarvae 1, in response to feeding of microencapsulated egg diets, was evaluated. The study was conducted at the SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department, Tigbauan, Iloilo. A completely randomized design was used to compare the survival of three treatments- microencapsulated whole egg, supplemented whole egg diets and natural feeds (Tetraselmis and Artemia). THree replicates/treatment were used.
The best survival to Mysis 1 was obtained using unsupplemented whole egg diet (mean survival of 74 -) compared to supplemented whole egg diet (mean survival of 53-) and live feed (57-). A ststistically significant difference (P<0.05) between the best treatment and Treatment I/Treatment 3 was obtained.
Survival during mysis stages was poor in both groups fed egg diets suggesting that egg diet alone is insufficient to support growth and survival of P. monodon larvae during mysis stage.
Observations on feeding behaviour indicated that larvae are capable of ingesting a narrow range of particle sizes (3-10 microns) during early larval stages but as larval development proceeds size ingested increases. Maximum size ingested during Mysis 3 is about 50 microns.-
131. Pangantihon, Ma. Paz Yap. The effect of dietary astaxanthin and vitamin A supplementation of the reproductive performance of pond reared penaeus monodon broodstock-Ocotber 1989-39-Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location:CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1989 F5 P3) The effects of astaxanthin and/ or Vitamin A on the reproductive performance of the pond reared Penaeus monodon was assessed in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment. The study was conducted in four 12 m3, 1 m deep flow-through maturation tanks divided into two equal compartments using a nylon net. Doubly tagged prawn broodstock were utilized as individual replicates. Prawns were fed with broodstock diet with no supplements (Treatment A), with astaxanthin (Treatment B), vitamin A (treatment C) and both astaxanthin and vitamin A (Treatment D) for 61 days. Results showed mean gonad index, which measures the degree of gonadal development, was significantly improved (P<0.05) by astaxanthin supplementation. The interaction between astaxanthin and vitamin A was not significant (P>0.05). Fecundity and egg hatching rate were not significantly affected (P>0.05) by the addition of supplemental astaxanthin and/or vitamin A in the diet. Mean fecundity and hatching rate, however, were highest in prawn fed astaxanthin supplements (7.3 x 10raised to 4, eggs/female and 5.7 - hatching) and the lowest in prawn not fed any supplements ( 3.2 x 10 raised to 4, eggs/female and 0 - hatching). Further, mortality rate was highest in prawns fed both astaxanthin and vitamin A supplements (50-) and lowest in prawns not fed with any supplements. High mortality was attributed to the high levels of synthetic astaxanthin and vitamin A inclusion. The results suggest direct involvement of astaxanthin in gonadal development and spawning, and thus, a dietary astaxanthin requirement for production of pond - reared Penaeus monodon. Moreover, early maturation of some prawns fed astaxanthin supplement suggests its effect on hastening ovarian maturation even without eyestalk ablation.-
132. Parado-Estepa, Fe Dolores-The effect of feeding different zooplankton species on the growth and survival of penaeus monodon larvae. September 1982. 37 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1982 F5 P37 ) A study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding different zooplankton species on the growth and survival of Penaeus monodon larvae. The first phase of the study was the determination of the best among the tested feeding levels for Brachionus plicatilis, Tisbintra elongata, and Moina sp. This was done by comparing the growth and survival of P. monodon larvae ( stocked at tye mysis II- Mysis III stage) reared at four feeding densities (5 individuals/ml, 10 individuals/ml, 15 individuals/ml, and 20 individuals/ml) of each zooplankton species. The minimum levels at which P. monodon showed significantly highest survival and growth rates at the end of the 15 day culture period were used in the second phase of the study.
The second phase of the study consisted of the comparison of growth and final survival of P. monodon larvae (stocked at mysis II stage) fed with the following zooplankton species : Aretemia sp. (5 individuals/ml), B. plicatilis (20 individuals/ml), T. elongata(5 individuals/ml), Moina sp. (5 individuals/ml), and B. plicatilis (20 individuals/ml) + Tetraselmis sp. (2.5-5 x 10 exponent 3 cells/ml). After 15 days of culture, the highest survival rate was obtained from P. monodon larvae fed with Artemia sp. (43 -). However, this was not significantly different from those obtained from the Moina sp. (26.7 -) and B. Plicatili + Tetraselmis sp. (23 -) treatments. Survival obtained from T. elongata (20 -) and B. plicatilis (16.7 -) treatments were significantly lower than the Arrtemia sp. treatment. At the end of the study, the following growth -index values wee obtained : 6.92 (Artemia sp. treatment) 6.64 (Brachionus plicatilis + Tetraselmis treatment), 6.44 (Tisbintra elongata) and 6.12 (Moina sp.). The lowest growth index value which was significantly lower than the Aretemia sp. treatment was obtained from the B. plicatilis treatment (6.04).-
133. Poku Gyinaye. Termite meal as protein source in the diet of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de man) juveniles. September 2001. 52 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 2001 F5 P64) -A six-week feeding trial was conducted in the laboratory to determine the suitability of termite meal as protein source in the diet of M. rosenbergii juveniles. Proximate analysis of the termite Nasutitermes sp gave a crude protein level of 55.4%. Using the tail muscle of juvenile M. rosenbergii as reference protein, the EAAI of the termite was found to be 0.85. Four diets of varying percentages of Peruvian fishmeal/termite meal; 100/0%, 65/35%, 35/65% and 0/100% were used. the results showed a decreasing order in growth with increasing termite meal. The best SGR of 3.44+0.34 which was significantly different (p<0.05) from all the other diets was attained in diet 1(100% Peruvian fishmeal), and the least SGR of 1.77+0.24 was recorded in diet 4(100%termite meal). The highest percentage survival of 48.5+9.10% attained in diet 4 was not significantly different (p<0.05) from all the diets containing termite meal. It was however significantly different (p<0.05) from diet 1, which had 11.25+3.78%. All the diets were about 39% CP. Termite (Nasutitermes sp) meal was found not adequate enough to be used solely as protein source for M. rosenbergii juveniles, however can still be considered for amino acid supplementation since its inclusion in the diet can support growth and better survival.-
134. Racuyal, Jesus Tan. Aspects on the biology of the banana prawn (Penaeus merguiensis de Man, 1888) and the shrimp fishery of Southeastern Samar. April 1995. 113 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1995 F5 R3). This study aws conducted in southeastern Samar Sea from December 1992 to August 1993, to identiy the various species of penaeid shrimps caught by trawl, determine the seasonal distribution, relative abundance of Penaeus merguiensis, length-weight relationship, maturity stages, average length at first maturity, sex ratio, the number of moult and intermoult stages, and the estimate of growth and mortality parameters. Standing stock density of the banana prawn was also estimated. The study also describes the shrimp fishery sector which includes the monthly catch rates of gill nets, shrimp trawls and Danish seines. It also describes the economics and marketing sector that includes the fixed costs, variable costs, market value of the different species, marketing channels and the profit sharing system among the owner, crew members and the master fisherman.
Six species of shrimps belonging to three genera, i.e., Penaeus, Metapenaeus and Trachypenaeus, were identified of high commercial interest. Penaeus merguiensis were the most abundant and dominated landings among the genus Penaeus. Peak catches occurred from January to March, but catch rates declined during summer. A positive correlation between rainfall and catch rates for this species was shown. However, the catch per unit effort of 1.39 kg/haul or 0.463 kg/hr for this species was already at low levels. Banana prawns were abundantly caught by trawls between 10 and 20 meters depth, as compared to other depths. The estimated standing stock density of banana prawns was about 62.73 kg/sq. km with a total biomass of- 18.85 tons in the area of 300.05 sq,km. Spawning of this species occurred throughout the period of the study, but the peak spawning season occurred from february to March. Average length at maturity was determined at 35.04 mm CL, but the minimum size at maturity was found at 24 mm CL. Female banana prawns were found in class range between 21 mm CL and 51 mm CL , while the males were only found between the class range from 19 mm CL to 33 mm CL. A 1:1 ratio was found in class size of 27 mm CL. Females were larger in size than males. The mean lengths per month of both sexes of banana prawns were estimated using the monthly length frequency data. The results showed that adult size for both sexes were largest in February-March (females: 36.53mm CL--36.43mm CL and males: 27.06 mm CL--27.43 mm CL) and smallest in July-August (females: 27.5 mm CL--28.15 mm CL and males: 22.78 mm CL--23.31 mm CL). Growth of this species was allometric. The estimated Loo = 50.31 mm CL (femmales), 33.138 mm CL (males), and K= 1.065/year (females), and 1.75/year (males) were considered to be the preliminary values of growth parameters in southeastern Samar Sea. Natural mortality rates (M) were relatively high, M=1.66/year(females) and 2.56/year (males). The estimated fishing mortality rates of females (2.25 per year) was found greater than males (1.368 per year) The estimated independent fishing mortality (F) was found at 1.139 per year.-
135. Razon, Jose A. III. The effects of eyestalk ablation on the molting frequency, spawing and larval survival of the giant freshwater prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii(de Man). March 1995. 56 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1995 F5 R38) The effect of unilateral and bilateral ablation on the female Macrobrachium rosenbergii were studied in relation to its molting frequencies, intermolt period and spawning. Larvae from the ablated and control group werre reared (Stage 12) and their survival noted. Larval quality was also determined by using stress test ( exposure to 2 levels of formalin).
Results showed that ablation accelerated the molting frequency and decreased the intermolt period. Intermolt period ranged from 20 - 32 days for the unilateral (Trt II), 16-18 days for the bilateral (Trt III), as compared to 28-38 days for the control (Trt I). Very low rate of survival was obtained in Trt III (0-), while for Trt II it was 50 -, indicating that unilateral ablation is a more practical method to employ.
No significant differences among the treatments were observed in the rate of survival of larvae and the exposure to stress test. However, a better survival was obtained in the 100 ppm concentration, suggesting that 100 ppm concentration may be used as the concentration for stress test.-
136. Reyes, Edgardo P.-The effect of temperature and salinity on the hatching of eggs and larval development of sugpo, Penaeus monodon fabricius. June 1981. 42 leaves. Thesis- M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1981 F5 R49) Incubation of Penaeus monodon eggs and rearing of different larval stages were undertaken at nine tempearture salinity combinations. The eggs, nauplii, zoeae, and myses kept as stock cultures at ambient temperatures of 26-30oC and salinity of 32-33 ppt were exposed to temperature levels of 23, 28, and 33 ppt. ten trials were conducted for eggs, 4 for nauplii, and 3 each for zoeae and myses. All eggs and larvae used in one trial were taken from a single spawner.
Eggs and nauplii survived the sudden change of temperature and salinity (from ambient to experimental) but the zoeae and myses did not. However, salinities of 23 and 28 ppt in combination with any of the temperature levels produced weak larvae. Highest mean hatching rate was obtained at temperature-salinity combination of 23oC-33 ppt, followed by 28oC-33ppt. Incubation periods for thse treatemnts were 22, 16, and 14 hours respectively. Survival rate of nauplius( taken from stock cultures) to first zoeal stage was highest at 28oC-33 ppt, followed by 33oC-33 ppt and 23oC-33 ppt with molting time of 50, 45, and 75 hours, respectively.
The nauplii exposed to 33oC-33 ppt molted to zoeae stage within 38 to 40 hours but later died. Those exposed at 23oC-33ppt and 28oC-33 ppt reached the zoea stage within 57 to 60 hours and 48 to 50 hours, respectively. Simmilarly, the nauplii taken from the stock cultures and reared until postlarval stage (P1) under experimental conditions completed the zoea and mysis stage in 9 to 11 days at 28oC-33 ppt, 7 to 9 days at 33oC-33 ppt ppt, and 13 to 15 days at 23oC-33 ppt. -Survival rate was not determined but the larvae appeared healthy.
Salinity showed highly significant effect on rates of hatching of eggs and survival from nauplius to first zoeal stage but not temperature. However, both factors affected time of hatching of eggs and time of molting from nauplius to zoea. Interaction effect was significant only on rate and time of hatching. Differnt sources (spawners) of eggs and nauplii did not have significant effect on time of hatching and molting from nauplius to zoea, but significantly affected the hatching rate of eggs and survival rate of nauplii to zoea stage.-
137. Rendon, Conrado C. The efficacy of different organic toxicants for selective elimination of predators and competitors in shrimp ponds. October 1989, 73 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1989 F5 R4)-This study was conducted at the Brackishwater Aquaculture Center (BAC), Leganes, Iloilo in February 1989 to find out the most effective organic toxicants and its effective lethal concentration.
A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatment replicated three times was used in the study. The treatments were : Treatment A - "Tubli" (Derris elliptica); B - Kayos (Dioscorea hispida); C - "Kasla" (Jatropha curcas); D - "Balanti" and E - Teaseed Cake (camella sp.). Test animals were juvenile stages of T. mossambica, Glossogobius giurus, Poecilla sp. in polyculture with prawn. Five toxicants were applied simultaneously at the same concentration (20 ppm) following the treatment assignments. // Results showed highly significant differences on the average percentage mortality of T. mossambica, G. giurus and Poecillia sp. 1 hour after treatment of 20 ppm concentration of different toxicants. Depensatory mortality was observed with further increase in the concentration of teaseed, kasla, kayos and balanti but no significant differences were detected among them; while, highly significant differences were found using 5, 10 and 15 ppm concentration of tubli (rotenone). Significant differences on the responses among species were observed based on their sensitivity to toxicant relative to time of exposure; while P. monodon was able to survive despite the increase in the concentrations of toxicants irrespective of time of exposure.-
138. Sutopo, Joko. The effects of water hardness on the growth and survival of the larvae of freshwater giant prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man). October 1991. 47 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1991 F5 S8) The effect of different levels of water hardness on the growth and survival of the larvae of freshwater giant prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) was determined. Three experiments were conducted using different levels of water hardness, namely: (1) Experiment I - 50, 100, 150, 200,250, 300 ppm CaCo3; (2) Experiment II - 75, 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400 ppm CaCO3; and (3) Experiment III - 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000 ppm CaCO3. A completely randomized design with three replicates was used for each experiment.
In experiment I, very low survival with no significant differences (P>0.05) in growth index, total length and dry weight. However, significantly higher survival (P<0.05) was attained at 1200 ppm CaCO3. In experiment, no significant differnces (P<0.05) was detected for total length and dry weight. Highest survival and growth index were obtained at water hardness 2000 ppm CaCO3. The optimum water hardness for survival was established at 1619 +- 25.41 ppm CaCO3 in experiment II and 1682 +_ 36.85 ppm CaCO3 in experiment III. Results also indicated that among the hardness levels tested, the highest survival from zoea 1 to zoea 6 could be attained at water hardness of 2000-3000 ppm CaCO3 and from zoea 7 to newly - metamrphosed postlarvae at water hardness of 1500-2000 ppm CaCO3.-
139. Tabu, Nilda S.-Growth and survival of Penaeus monodon postlarvae at different feeding regimes and stocking densities in earthen brackishwater nursery ponds. February 1984. 65 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1984 F5 T32)-The effects of different stocking densities (50, 100 and 150 sq m) and two feeding regimes (natural) food, consisting mainly of lab-lab, and natural foos plus artificial diet on the growth and survival of Penaeus monodon postlarvae (PL4 to PL5) were evaluated in eighteen 40 sq. m. earthen brackishwater nursery ponds using tidal water exchange for a period of 45 days.
Results of the experiment indicated that the effect of different stocking densities were highly significant (P<0.01) on growth but not on the survival at the two feeding regimes. Likewise no interaction effect was discerned. Shrimps given artificial feed (Treatments II, IV, and VI) obtained higher mean weight gains of 1.55 g, 1.17 g, and 1.05 g, respectively than those of shrimps that were not given artificial feed (1-1.44 g, III- 0.92 g, and V- 0.66 g). Similarly, those reared with artificial feed attained better percent survival of 41.62 - (II), 67.44 - (IV) and 52.14 - (VI) as compared to shrimps that were not given artificial feed (I-42.53 -, III-54.61 - and V-46.90 -.)
An exploratory economic study showed that the nursery operation gave promising results in all treatments. High ROI's were obtained to give a safe margin for the risk involved in this kind of business. Among all treatments, treatment V had the highest ROI of 693 percent and shortest payback period of 0.19 years.-
140. Taufiq, Moh. Input-output relationship of prawn and milkfish culture in West Nusa Tenggara Indonesia. March 1991. 94 leaves -Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1991 F5 T38) A Cobb Douglas productions were used to estimate three culture methods, namely extensive, semi-intensive and intensive. Under extensive culture method 46.28 - of the variations in output could be explained by variations in input (stocking rate, labor, fertilizer and farm size). Under semi-intensive and intensive culture methods, 90.73 - and 96.10 - of the variations in output respectively, could be explained by variations in input (stocking rate, labor, fertilizer, pesticide, farm size, supplementary feed and lime). Summations of all the production coefficient under intensive culture indicate that if output increases by larger percentage then the increase of all inputs but under extensive and semi-intnsive are vice-versa. Under extensive culture, if the stocking rate, fertilizer and farm size were increased by 1 -, the output will increase by 0.2473 -, 0.2553- and 0.2283 -, respectively. In semi-intensive culture method if the stocking rate and fertilizer were increased by 1 -, the output will increase by 1.3106 - and 0.2764 -, respectively. In intensive culture method if the stocking rate, labor, fertilizer, artificial feeding, lime were increased by 1 -, the outpu will increase by 2.1632 -, 0.6220 -, 4.3376 - and 0.4052 -, respectively.-
141. Tendencia, Eleonor Alapide-Pathogenecity of vibrio spp. isolated from juvenile penaeus monodon with red disease syndrome. April 1994. 63 leaves -Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1994 F5 T4) Bacterial isolation of shrimp (Penaeus monodon) showing symptoms of red disease led to the recovery of four virio phenotypes, namely: V. harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, V. fluvialis, and Virio sp. Virulence screeing of the two most dominant acteria - V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus- showed V. parahaemolyticus to be more virulent since it has smaller LT50 value and it causes higher mortality compared to V. harveyi, and induced more severe lesions in the hepatopancreas on injected shrimp.
Inoculation of live V. parahaemolyticus cells ( 10 raised to 6 cfu/shrimp) and extracellular crude product in the ventral sinus between the 4th and 5th pleopod produced symptoms of red disease such as reddening of the body and lesions like atrophy of the hepatopancreatic tubules, melanization, and hemocytic infiltration with fibrosis in the intertubular sinus. Melanization, hemocytic infiltration and fibrosis were also observed in the hepatopancreas of pond-reared shrimp affected with rd disease, and in the lymphoid organ of these experimentally injected shrimp.
Although the results show the role of Virio parahaemolyticus in the development of hepatopancreatic lesions similar to red disease, the exact etiology of red disease syndrome in Penaeus monodon needs further study.-
142. Yashiro, Renu. The effect of artemia fed with different diets on the growth and survival of Penaeus monodon fabricius postlarvae. April 1982. 48 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1982 F5 Y38) Penaeus monodon postlarvae (P1) with an average weight of 0.54 mg were stocked at the rate of 10 individuals per liter in a 250-liter conical fiberglass tanks filled with 150 liters of sand-gravel filtered seawater with a salinity range from 32.0 to 33.0 ppt, temperature from 26.5oC to 28.7oC and pH from 8.1 to 8.3. They were fed in excess with finely ground cooked mussel meat and live preadult Artemia (fed with wheat flour, rice bran or mill;ed rice extracts) for 20 days. The postlarvae fed with cooked mussel meat had significantly lower weight gain (P<0.05) than those fed Artemia. No significant differences were found amng the weight gains was observed with the postlarvae that recieve Artemia fed with milled rice extract. The survival arte was highest for shrimp fed with cooked mussel meat. This was significantly higher than those shrimp fed with Artemia except that of shrimp fed with Artemia that received milled rice extract. The total body lipid contents of the post-experimental shrimp were higher than that of the pre-experimental shrimp. fatty acid composition of shrimp was generally related to the fatty acid pattern of the diets. Shrimp fed with cooked mussel meathad fatty acid profile similar to that of the pre-experimental shrimp. Among four treatments, the ratio of w3/w6 fatty acids was highest (2.17) in shrimp fed cooked mussel meat which had a ratio of 4.06. The other three treatments ratio were 1.17, 0.99 and 0.60 for shrimp fed with Artemia that received milled rice, wheat flour and rice bran extracts, respectively.-
Priacanthus tayenus
143. Saji, Abdulsali Paradji. Contribution to the biology of Priacanthus tayenus (Richardson, 1846) in Lingayen Gulf. May 1987. 104 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1987 F5 S35) A 12-month biological study of Priacanthus tayenus in Lingayen Gulf was conducted from May 1983 to April 1984. The species itself ranked tenth in abundannce among the commercial fish catches in the Gulf. It was abundantly caught during the rainy months from May to September in the inner sector of the Gulf affected by Dagupan and Agno Rivers, which coincide with high plankton biomass in the area. Its spatial distribution was significantly affected by the change of season, wind variations, temperature, and the availability of food organisms. Prejuveniles 6.5 cm total length were already caught by bottom trawls. Size range of juveniles was 7-21 cm and and the adults were 22-37 cm length. At 21.6 cm size, the species was already sexually mature and ready to spawn. Spawning season started in December and ended in May. Mean fecundity was 58,000 ripe eggs. RThe catch representing the P. tayenus fishery aged 6 months to 2 years, at sizes of 15 to 37 cm. The males grew more plump and robust than the females of the same length. The growth rate was computed to be 2.0 cm per month with growth coefficient K=0.81 and Loo = 45 cm. There were two phases of recruitment in a year. The first length of capture Lc was 16.2 cm and became fully exploited at 18 cm length, aging 7-8 months. The P. Tayenus fishery was in full exploitation with E= 0.701.
Rabbitfishes
144. Abalos, Rosie Salvador. Growth and yield of rabbitfish (Siganus Guttatus) reared in river floating net cages at various stocking densities and feeding schemes. March 1995. 67 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1995 F5 A23) Six treatment combinations consisted of three stocking densities of 50, 100, 200, rabbitfish (Siganus guttatus) per cubic meter (m3) at two feeding schemes of sliding 10, 8, 6, 5- commercial feed of fish biomass (F1) and 5- commercial feed of fish biomass daily with Chaetomorpha linum, "lumut" fed to satiation (F2) were tested to determine the growth and yield of rabbitfish in river floating cages for 120 days.
The F1 at stocking density of 50 fish/ m3 and fed commercial feeds daily at sliding (10-8-6-5- BW) feeding scheme registered the highest mean growth of 105.6 g/fish. However, statistical analysis showed no significant difference (P> 0.05) in growth among treatments. In terms of production, the F2 at 200 fish/m3 and fed commercial feeds at 5- BW plus "lumut" registered the highest mean production of 18.23 kg/m3. Production was highly significant (P<0.01) in between feeding schemes. Survival (90-96-) and mean feed conversion ratios (3.6-4.4) were not significantly different (P>0.05) among treatments.
Rearing S. Guttatus in floating net cage at 200 fish/m3 fed commercial feeds daily at 5- BW plus "lumut" fed to satiation appeared to give the highest net income of P705.96/m3 and a benefit-cost-ratio of 1.42.-
145. Gomes, Luis Antonio de Oliveira. The Effects of Microparticulate Diets Containing Different Lipid Sources on the Growth and Survival of Rabbitfish (Siganus Guttatus, Bloch) Larvae. October 1988. 44 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1988 F5 G64) Three microparticulate diets (MPD) containing different lipid sources each, soybean oil, cod liver oil and pork lard, and a control diet, Artemia nauplii, were fed to rabbitfish larvae. The experiment was conducted with larvae from 25 to 50 days after hatching under 225 liter tanks with a flow-through water system.
Results showed that rabbitfish larvae can readily accept and can be reared solely with MPD, at least starting day 25. Survival rates from 78.6 - to 83.8 - were obtained among all treatments fed MPD.
Rabbitfish larvae had remarkable ability to utilize different sources of lipids from the diets. All the MPD had normal effects on growth, external body appearance and the metamorphosis of the larvae.-
Roundscad
146. Caliente, Alejandro Cabansay. Aspect of the biology and fishery of redtail roundscad (Decapterus russeli) in the coastal water of Western Leyte. 1987. 212 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-College of Fisheries, UPV-Quezon City. Location: UPVCFOSL-(LG995 1987 F5 C34) Some aspects of the biology and fishery of redtail roundscad (Decapterus russelli) caught in the coastal water of Western Leyte were studied then compared with the previous findings obtained by Tiews et al (1986), Magsusson (1970) and Ingles and Pauly (1984).
A total of 2,508 fish samples weighing around 85 kilograms were randomly collected monthly from October 1983 to October 1984 in selected ring net boats and fish landing centers of Western Leyte. Of these samples, 639 fishes were used for biological study.
The study showed that D. russelli in Western Leyte were moderately large reaching an average length of 16.5 cm FL. Through-out the year the size composition of the catch was dominated by one distinct length class that progressively increased monthly to the next higher length class. Males and females were evenly distributed in size groups, gonadal maturity stages and seasonal occurrence in the catch.
The length-weight relationship of this fish was expressed as W = 0.01480L2.9183. For males it was expressed as W = 0.01676 2.8642 while for females it was expressed as W = 0.01281 2.9806. it was found out that the females had the tendency to become more rotund than males as they grew longer.
The average size at first maturity of D. russelli was 15.3 cm FL. This spawned from Januaryto June with peak spawning occurring in March and May. Its fecundity ranged from 26, 000 to 51, 000 eggs at a corresponding length range of 16.0 to 25.0 cm FL. Its spawning habit was asynchronous in nature.
D. russelli was carnivorous in food habit. When small (6-15 cm long), they were zooplankton feeders and whn large (16-25 cm long) they became piscivorous. Their diet composition changed with the change of monsoon season. Their feeding intensity also changed with the change of their body size and gonadal maturity.
Parasite infestation of D. sselli was not observed in this study. The growth coefficient (K) of this fish was found to be high at 1.1 per year which seems to support the rough estimate of growth rate at 1.0 cm per month measured from a starting juvenile size of 6.0 cm long. The longevity of this fish was low (2.7 years). The population was composed of one cohort only and its recruitment pattern that occurred as one long pulse within the year attests to this. The mean size at first capture was 11.7 cm FL. The estimated total mortality (Z) was 2.84 per year with a corresponding natural mortality much higher (M = 1.95/yr) than the fishing mortality (F = 0.90/yr). The exploitation rate was estimated at E = 0.32.
D. russelli was a major component of the catch landed by ring nets from 1981 to 1985. Its mean relative abundance in the Decapterus catch and in the total landed catch was around 65% and 32% respectively. They were abundantly caught from January to May, with peck abundance occurring in April. The average annual catch per boat was estimated at 6.9 metric tons. The mean catch per boat per day was around 30 kilograms.
A comparision of the findings obtained in this study with that of the previous investigations showed that dissimilarities were noted in certain aspects of their growth, reproduction and fishery and almost entirely in the aspects of population parameters. The aspect on sex ration, fecundity and food habits were noted to be distincly similar.
Sardines
147. Delan, Gloria Gomez. Crushed Ice and Chilled Seawater for Storage of Sardines (Sardinella fimbriata) for Canning. August 1991. 116 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1991 F5 G64) The effect of using Crushed ice and chilled seawater on the quality of canned sardines (Sardinella fimbriata) was investigated.
Fresh sardines were held in either crushed ice or chilled seawater(CSW). Quality changes were monitored for a period of 15 days using the following tests: K-value, histamine content, peroxide value, Total Plate Count (TPC) and sensory. raw sardines were canned every time quality evaluations were undertaken. The quality of canned product was evaluated by determination of histamine content and by sensory taste. The presence of mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria in canned sardines was also tested for.
Raw sardines held in crushed ice showed lower K-value (64.4 -) and their histamine content (0.42 mg-)> raw sardines held in crushed ice gave higher sensory scores than those sardines held in CSW. However, raw sardines held in CSW had lower peroxide value (24.4 meq/kg) and lower TPC (4.6 x 10 exponent6 cfu/g) than the peroxide value (45.2 meq/kg) and TPC (6.6 x 10 exponent7 cfu/g) of fish stored in CSW.
Canned sardines prepared from raw sardines held in crushed ice showed higher sensory scores for odour and general appearance than those prepared from raw sardines held in chilled seawater. Regardless of treatment, the histamine contents of canned sardines followed a similar decreasing pattern as did those of the raw samples during storage.
Raw sardines can be stored in crushed ice 3 days longer than in chilled seawater.-
Sea Bass
148. Avance, Lea Lopez. Evaluation of different food types on the growth and surviva l of pond-reared seaperch Lates calcarifer. 1984. xi,58 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-Faculty of Fisheries,UPV-Iloilo. Location: SEAFDEC-AQDL; UPV-BACL-
149. Dimaano, Mario L. Effect of stocking densities on the growth, survival and production of Sea Bass (Lates calcarifer Bloch) in cages in a brackishwater impoundment. March 1984. 54 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1984 F5 D56) An experiment on the cage culture of sea bass (Lates calcarifer Bloch) was conducted from May 6 to August 4, 1982 in a brackishwater impoundment which tested five stocking densities namely; 15, 30,45, 60 and 75 individuals per cage (2 x 1 x 1.2m). Fish were fed with trash fish at the rate of 5 - body weight based on dry weight using feeding trays. A complete randomized design with three replicates each was used.
The highest growth increment of 1.86 g/fish per day was obtained in treatment I (15 individuals/cage) while the lowest was obtained in treatments IV (60 individuals/cage) and V (75 individuals/cage) 1.20 g/fish per day. In terms of fish production, treatment V gave the highest production of 11.57 kg/cage while treatment I had the lowest (3.57 kg/cage). In general, production of sea bass was directly related to stocking density.
Survival of fish in all treatments were high ranging from 89.3 - to 100.0-. The high survival rates obtained in this study indicated that the densities were still within tolerable limits for the fish, but higher densities started affecting fish growth.
Results showed that a stocking density of 75 sea bass per cage (38 fish/cu. m.) could still be profitable despite food conversion values of 6.8 to 8.3.-
150. Dumada-ug, Cristeta R. The Effect of Periodic Thinning and Stocking Density on the Growth and Survival of Sea Bass Lates calcarifer (Bloch). November 1990. 52 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1990 F5 D84)-The effect of varying stocking densities and periodic thinning on the development of shooters of juvenile seabass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch) at the nursery phase was studied. The shooting effect of seabass in the nursery phase was also investigated. The study which utilized a completely randomized design (CRD) tested four densities (3, 4, 6 and 9 fry per liter) which served as the different treatments. Each treatment was replicated 6 times in 20 liter white plastic basins. Filtered seawater was used and salinity was maintained at 20 ppt. the fish were fed with Artemia salina, copepods (Entomostracans), Mysids and trash fish for 35 days following a feeding schedule. Thinning was made every seven days. // Results indicated that periodic thinning of the seabass population every seven days significantly reduced the development of shooters by as much as 50 - of 39 to 60 day old seabass. A stocking density of 9 juveniles per liter had the most number of shooters, while 6 juveniles per liter had the least number of shooters and a more or less even-sized population observed in this study falls between 4-6 seabass juveniles per liter of water. The initial size was 6.25 mm and the final size after 35 days was 24.18 mm. Survival rates obtained in this study ranged from 89.60 - to 35. 0-.-
151. Garcia, Grace H.-Milt production response of the sea bass lates calcarifer (Bloch) to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue and 17 alpha-methyltestosterone. April 1992. 51 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1991 F5 G37)-Milt volume, sperm density, number of spermatozoa, and fertilization capacity were determined to quantify the milt production response of mature sea bass to LHRHa [(D-Ala6, Pro9-N-ethylamide)LHRH] in saline solution and 17 alpha- methyltestosterone in corn oil (MT). Two measurres of sperm density, sperm count and spermatocrit, were highly correlated (r= 0.85). Compared with control, milt volume and the number of spermatozoa collected increased but sperm count decreased (24- at 24 hr) after a LHRHa (20 ug/kg body weight) treatment, suggesting astimulation of spermatozoa production and not merely milt dilution. Further milt dilution (44-) was induced by 80 ug/kg LHRHa (LHRHa80) at 12 h post-treatment but not by 200 ug/kg MT (MT200) alone. A milt dilution of only 27- at 12 h after simultaneous injections of LHRHa80 and MT200 may indicate an inhibitory effect of a high MT dose on the efficacy of LHRHa.
Early in the breeding season, a high fertilization capacity (857,000 eggs/kg) of LHRHa80 - treated male was obtained only when spawning occured in less than 12 h after hormone treatment, but fertilization was observed when spawning occurred in 30-36 h post-treatment. During the peak season and when spawning occurred in 30-36 h post treatment, a low fertilization capacity (79,000eggs/kg) was observed in one of two LHRHa (40 ug/kg) treated male but none in the three LHRHa80-treated males. However, highe fertilization capacities (224,000-410,000 eggs/kg) in two of three males injected 100 ug/kg MT (MT100) were obtained. Towads the end of the breeding season, spontaneous - milt release as indicated by fetilization of eggs occured only afte multiple injections of MT100.
Together these results indicate that spermatozoa production, milt dilution, spontaneous milt release can be stimulated by LHRHa or by low MT dose. The low incidence of fertilization and variability in fertilization capacity of hormone-treated sea bass may be due to a possible lack of synchrony in the release of gametes.-
152. Hanafi, Hasan. Effect of various food types in the production and income of sea bass (Lates Calcarifer Bloch) grown in brackishwater ponds. April 1991. 58 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1991 F5 H35) A study was conducted to determine the effects of various food types on the production of sea bass (Lates calcarifer Bloch) grown in brackishwater ponds, and to determine the suitable food for sea bass.
The study utilized twelve 250 m2 experimental ponds at the Brackishwater Aquaculture Center, UPV College of Fisheries in Leganes, Iloilo. Four treatments with three replicates each wee tested using the Randomized Complete Block Design. The teatments tested werre : (1) Treatment I, shrrimp feed with 43.6 - crude protein, (2) Treatment II, trash fish, (3) Treatment III. Tilapia at 1:10 Sea bass-Tilapia ratio, and (4) Treatment IV, moist formulated feed.
Treatment II (trash fish) showed the highest production (445.33 kg/ha), followed by Treatment III (live fish food) (176.56 kg/ha), Treatment IV (moist formulated feed) (146.84 kg/ha), and Treatment I (shrimp feed) the lowest production (117.94 kg/ha). Additional tilapia at harvest in the treatments utilizing live fish food has 229.14 kg/ha. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences (P>-0.01) among treatments.
Growth response was expressed in tems of mean weight gain per day. The highest mean weight gain per day was obtained in Treatment II (0.97 g) followed by Treatment III (0.65g), Treatment I (0.64g) and Treatment IV (0.40 g). Analysis of variance showed no significant differences among treatments (P>0.05).
The best feed conversion ratio (dry weight basis) was obtained in treatments II (2.21), followed by Iv (4.28) and the poorerst was in Treatment I (5.28). No significant differences - (P>0.05) were obtained among treatments. Survival arte was highest in Treatment II (74.13 -) followed by Teatment IV (56.27 -), Treatment III (43.20 -) and the lowest in Treatment I (36-). Highly significant differnces were observed among treatments (P>0.01).
Condition factor was significantly higher in Treatment II (1.47) than the rest of the treatments. Treatment I had condition factor of 1.38 which was significantly higher than Teatment Iv (1.29) and Treatment III (1.28). The difference between treatments IV and III was not significant.
Physico-chemical paarmeters such as water(temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, depth and ammonia-N) were within tolerable levels for good growth of sea bass.
Cost and returrn analysis showed that monoculture of sea bass fed by trrash fish and polyculture of sea bass with tilapia are profitable.-
153. Mangawil, Melvin Z.-Effect of feeding frequency on the growth, survival and net yield of sea bass (Lates calcarifer Bloch) reared in floating net cages. November 1990. 44 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1990 F5 M35 ). The effect of feeding frequency on the growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival rate and net yield of sea bass (Lates calcarifer) fingrlings with initial mean body weight (BW) range of 11.3 to 11.8 g was investigated in floating net cages installed in a pond for 152 days. Using Acetes sp. and chopped tilapia fingerlings as feeds, sea bass were fed to satiation at different feeding frequencies, namely: 4, 2 and 1 time (s) per day and once in every 1.25 and 1.5 days. Except survival rate, results showed that feeding frequency affected all parameters of production and size frequency distribution of sea bass. Highest mean BW and net yield of 127.9 g and 4.4 kg, respectively were obtained in sea bass fed 2 times per day. However, these were not enhanced (P>0.05) in fish fed once every 1, 1.25 and 1.5 day (s). FCR were 5.8, 4.9, 5.1 and 4.8 in sea bass fed two times per day and once in every 1, 1.25 and 1.5 day (s), respectively. These FCR values were not significantly different (P>0.05) but were significantly better (P<0.05) than in fish fed 4 times per day. The lower value of FCR observed in fish fed 2 times daily to once in every 1.5 days can be attributed to the amount of food remaining in the fish stomach after the fish has been fed. Result of the preliminary study showed that after a 25-h period, the food taken in by the fish is completely digested. Although no significant differences exist in the FCR of fish fed from once in every 1.5 days to 2 times daily, the higher mean BW observed in the latter was due to efficient food consumption of food which is-indicated by lower FCR. // The high survival rates (89.2-96.7 -) obtained in all treatments indicated that cannibalism due to starvation and size hierarchy in the population was prevented. The results of this study suggested that feeding frequenmcy at 2 times per day is optimum for ssea bass cultured in floating net cages. // Due to high salinity of the pond water that prevailed during the experiment , the growth of sea bass was retarded compared to results reported from previous related studies on this fish.-
154. Murillo, Deograce Pollan. Requirements of juvenile Asian sea bass, lates calcarifer bloch, for lysine and arginine. March 1995. 55 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1995 F5 M8) Two separate experiments were conducted to determine the dietary requirements of the juvenile Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer Bloch, for the essential amino acids, lysine and arginine. Sea bass juveniles (initial average weight in lysine experiment, 13.1 g ; arginine experiment, 2.5 g) were given amino acid test diets that contained fish meal, zein, squid meal, and crystalline amino acids for 12 weeks. Each set of isonitrogenous and isocaloric test diets contained graded levels of lysine or arginine. Fish were fed twice a day at 0800 and 1600 h. In the lysine experiment, feeding rate was at 4 to 2.5 - of fish body weight per day. In the arginine experiment, feeding rate was at 10 - of body weight per day during the first four weeks and 4 - thereafter. The fish were reared in 500-l fiberglass tanks provided continously with seawater (salinity, 30 ppt) at 4.1 l/min with a mean temperature of 28oC. At the end of each experiment, growth, survival, hepatosomatic index, and feed efficiency ratios were determined. Survival was high in fish given adequate lysine or arginine. Mean weight gains and survival rates were significantly different in fish fed varying levels of lysine or arginine, but no significant differences were found in the hepatosomatic index and feed efficiency ratio. The broken line analysis of the growth response showed that the dietary requirement of sea bass juveniles for lysine is 20.6 g/kg diet or 4.5 - of the dietary protein. Arginine requirement is 18.2 g/kg diet or 3.8 - of the dietary protein.-
155. Tesorero, Leticia Blacer. Effects of different sea bass-tilapia ratios on fish yield and the efficiency of sea bass as biological control of tilapia young in polyculture. April 1991. 51 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1991 F5 T4) -Five triplicated treatments in a completely randomized design (CRD) representing the differnt sea bass tilapia ratios of 1:15, 1:20, 1:25, and 1:30 and 1:35 were evaluated in 15-units of 300 sq m ponds of the Iloilo State College of Fisheries, Barotac Nuevo, Iloilo. The earlier established sea bass tilapia ratios and the effects of fish yield of the same ratios but increasing the stocking density of sea bass at 1, 533 juveniles/ha were assessed. The stocking densities for tilapia were 23,000/ha; 30,666/ha; 38,333/ha; 46,000/ha; and 53,666/ha for treatments I, II, III, IV and V respectively.
Average initial weight of the sea bass and tilapia ranged from 24.6g to 27.1 g and 31.2 g to 38.3 g, respectively. Highest mean weights for sea bass and tilapia at harvest were obtained in treatment II (394.9 g and 123.1 g respectively). Mean weights of sea bass and tilapia for treatments I, III, IV and 5 were 361.5 g and 120.6 g; 352.5 g and 117.0 g; 377.5 g and 117.4 g and 322.7g and 114.3 g, respectively. The effects of treatments in mean weights of sea bass and tilapia at harvest were not significantly different (P>0.05). // Sea bass survival did not differ significantly among treatments. Highest survival for both fish was obtained in treatment II, 80.4 - (sea bass) and 94.3 - (tilapia).
On the basis of the results, best production for sea bass was obtained in treatment II which was not significantly differnt from treatment III. Survival and growth were highest in treatment II. In terms of combined total production however, treatment V recorded the highest - (4,583.97 kg/ha) but only 7.3 - sea bass was obtained. The percentage composition of tilapia that attained marketable size in treatments V and II were 92.7- and 87.8 - respectively. This indicated the advantage of using 1:20 as the optimum ratio for sea bass and tilapia in polyculture.-
156. Tubongbanua-Marasigan, Evelyn S.-Effect of fish meal and trash fish-based diets on the growth and survival of seabass fry, lates calcarifer (Bloch) reared in ponds and indoor aquaria-March 1988. 43 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1988 F5 M37)-Two major protein sources, fish meal and trash fish were incorporated into five dietary treatments were tested in Trial A as follows : I- dry pelleted fishmeal based diet; II - moist fishmeal based diet; III - moist raw trashfish-based diet; IV - moist pasteurized trashfish - based diet, and V - moist sun-dried trashfish- based diet. Forty-five day old fry were gradually weaned from hatchery diet consisting of minced raw trashfish and Artemia salina nuplii to the five diets for seven days. After weaning, the fish with a mean weight of 0.36 g were stocked in 100 m2 earthen ponds at a rate of 50 fish/ pond and fed with the five test diets for 114 days culture period. Significant differences (P>0.05) in fish biomass were obtained among treatments. The pasteurized trash fish diet (Treatment IV) resulted to better biomass and feed conversion values in seabass cultured in ponds compared to other trash fish diets (treatment III and V) and fishmeal based diets (Treatment I and II). This indicated the potential of pasteurized trash fish based diet on the culture of seabass, although there are possibilities that production and fed conversion efficiency of pelleted fishmeal based-diets can be improved.
On the basis of the results in Trial A, Trial B was undertaken to compare the effects of various sources of protein on the growth and suvival of seabass fry as follows: Japanese fishm eal based-diet (TreatmentI), local fishmeal based-diet (Treatment II), pasteurized trash fish + Treatment I at 1:1 ratio (Treatment III), and pasteurized trash fish only (Treatment IV). Twenty -one day old seabass fry were reared and fed with the four dietary treatments for 24 days in indoor aquaria provided with recirculating water system. The effects of experimental dietary treatments were ranked using the Vector analysis with respect to growth increment, fish biomass and survival data. Results of analysis showed the following : first, Treatment I; second, Treatment III and IV, and third, Treatemnt II. Thees results indicated that using formulated diet in rearing seabass fry, the performance of the diet with the fishmeal as the major protein source in terms of growth and survival of seabass fry would vary even if their crude protein content were similar. This suggests that the effect of artifcial diets on the growth and survival of seabass fry depends upon the source of protein.-
Seaweeds
157. Baltazar, Gonchio Que. Growth rates of Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum in the occassionally exposed and fully submerged environments. May 1984. 84 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOLS-Serials (LG995 1984 F5 B34) A study to test the effect of ocassionally and fully submerged environments and three water depths (5, 10, and 15 cm) on the growth of E. cottonii and E. spinosum was conducted at Tawi-Tawi, Philippines from December, 1983 to March, 1984 in a Randomized Complete Block Design.
The seedlings of both species with an initial weight of 110 g. per seedling were tied to monofilament nylon string and planted at desired distances by tying the ends of the nylon string to the wooden stakes fixed earlier.
The results indicate that both environments had comparable soil and water properties except the water depth which was deepr in the fully submerged environment. The organic matter content in the fully submerged environment was also higher than the other. The soils of both environments had high levels of potassium.
The growth of E. cottonii in terms of length of sub thalli, sub-sub thalli, their number and weight per plant was higher than E. spinosum. The growth of both species in terms of same components listed above was also higher in fully submerged environment than occasionally exposed environment. The effect of planting distance on the growth of the two species in both environments was insignificant. THe profuse growth of other seaweeds and aquatic plants negatively affected the growth of both species in the latter environment. There was no growth of weeds in fully submerged environment.
In general, the growth of E. spinosum because of its fragile nature ansd susceptibility to adverse conditions such as strong waves was poorer than E. cotonii. The growth of both specie-species ceased after two months of culture period.-
158. Ferrer, Maria Salvacion Relleta. Effects of salinity on three species of gracilaria cultured in tanks. January 1998. 70-Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1998 F5 F4)-Three species of Gracilaria (G. changii, G. Firma and G. tenuistipitata) were collected from the coastal areas of Sorsogonand cultured in concrete tanks at SEAFDEC/AQD Tigbauan, Iloilo. Two culture runs were done: (1) May-June, and (2) September to October, 1994. A stocking density of 1 kg m-2 was used with three salinity levels (15, 25 and 35 ppt). Weekly sampling was done to monitor the morphological variations, growth, yield, and pigment levels of test specimens. A 4- alkali pre-treatment for agar extraction was used to determine the agar yield while 1.5 - agar sol was used in the analysis of the gel quality. // Results showed that salinity strongly affected the morphology, growth and yield of cultured specimens. Cultured Gracilaria exhibited brittle thalli and lighter color at 15 ppt, while discoloration and mortality of thalli were evident at 25 and 35 ppt during two runs. // The three Gracilaria species are euryhaline but they differed in tolerance ranges. The highest growth rates of 3.6 - was obtained from G. firma at 35 ppt during the first run, and 3.3 - from G. tenuistipitata at 15 ppt during the second run. Significant differences were obtained in G.changii and G. tenuistipitata, and in G. firma and G. tenuistipitata at 25 and 35 ppt during the first run (P<0.05). The highest estimated prodcution in dry weight were obtained from G. firma with 2.49 kg m-2y-1 at 25 ppt during first run; and from G. tenuistipitata with 2.35 kg m-2y-1 at 15 ppt during second run. // Agar yields and gel strengths were higher at higher salinities (25 and 35 ppt) in both runs. -Gracilaria firma obtained the highest agar yield of 22.4 - (35 ppt), while G. tenuistipitata yielded the highest gel strength of 1, 082 g cm-2 (35ppt). This indicates that Gracilaria changii and G. firma are suitable for food agar while G. tenuitipitata has potential for agarose extraction.-
159. Huit, Nenita Buban-Evaluation of fish silage prepared with molasses and sargassum spp. May 1986. 82 leaves.-Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1986 F5 H85) Fish silages were prepared from fish offal (heads, tails, fins and viscera of milkfish (Chanos chanos Forskal) by addition of either dried ground sargassum at an amount equivalent to 15 - of the fish offal and molasses at the rate of 25 - by weight of fish offal and molasses at the rate of 25 - by weight of fish offal sargassum mixture (Lot A), or molasses at an amount equivalent to 25 - of the fish offal (Lot B) followed by fermentation. // Chemical components such as pH, titrable acidity, amino-nitrogen and reducing sugar were determined at regular intervals within the 15-day fermentation period at ambient temperature. The microbial counts increased and later decreased with ensilaging time. // The nutritional properties of the fish silage were determined by assaying growth responses in broiler chicks. Each lot of silage was dried and incorporated in feeds which were made iso-proteinic. Results showed that Feed 1 (fish-sargassum-molasses mixture) and feed 2 (feed-cassava-molasses mixture) were significantly inferior to Feed 3 (commercial feed). However, Feed 1 and Feed 2 were not statistically different from each other at 5 - level. Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), particularly of fish-sargassum-molasses mixture was almost comparative with the commercial feed.-
160. Luhan, Ma. Rovilla J.-Assessment of the natural bed of Gracilaria heteroclada (Zhang et Xia) in Jaro, Iloilo-June 1991. 51 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1991 F5 L8) The study was conducted to determine the seasonality of biomass, reproductive states, and agar quality of Gracilaria heteroclada and the effect of the different environmental factors on this paarmeters. Biomass was collected using a quadrat, plants were sectioned to determine population fertility, and agar was analyzed using the method of Nelson et al. (1983). Peak biomass in Februray (45 g/m2) and lowest in July (1.16 g.m2) reveale biomass seasonality in the area. fertile plants were seasonal with the highest carposporophyte occurrence in January (48 -) and low the rest of the year; and highest tetrasporophyte occurrence in May (64-) and low the rest of the year. Gel strength and yield were negatively correlated. Good agar quality occurred during dry season and poor quality during wet season.-
161. Mamaril, Eden Fontanilla. Isolation, screening and characterization of nata-producing microorganisms from seaweed pulp (Gracilaria sp.). March 1998. 108 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1998 F5 M3) Isolation, screening and characterization of probable nata-producing microorganism was conducted on samples prepared from bleach-dry Gracilaria sp.
Probable nata-producing isolate EM23 from fresh pulp extract sample exhibited characteristics similar to known nata organism Acetobacter aceti subsp. xylinum both morphologically and physiologically.
Isolate EM23 is capable of producing acceptable quality nata film/pellicle from 30 - Gracilaria seaweed pulp extract at pH 5.0, 25 - inoculum and 10 - sugar at room temperature (28-32oC).
Chemically, the nata produced which is cellulosic in nature contains 97.22 - moisture, 0.55 - (w/w) crude fiber having a total available carbohydrates ( as - glucose) of 70 - . Sensory, nata quality was generally found to be comparable to nata de coco, both raw and cooked, with its texture slightly better than nata de coco.
Gracilaria seaweed pulp extract was proven to be a promising/potential source/raw material of both probable nata-producing organisms as starter/inoculum and an acceptable quality nata as a food item.-
Shrimps
162. Chua, Wilma Quitoriano. Dehydration and storage studies of indigenous shrimp (Paleamon Nematopalaeemon) tenuipes of Cagayan. April 1989. 143 leaves. -Thesis -M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1989 F5 C58) -Indigenous shrimps of Cagayan locally called "aramang" was identified by the National Museum to belong to the family Palaemonidae, Genus Palaemon (Nematopalaemon) tenuipes (Henderson, 1893). The drying parameters for shrimps such as temperature (35oC, 45oC, 55oC), air velocity (0.5 mps, 1.0 mps, 1.5 mps), drying layer thickness (0.5 cm, 1.5 cm), and air flow direction ( upward, downward) were studied. Results indicated the drying parameter combination of 45oC-0.5 cm thickness 1.0 mps- upward air flow was appropriate fro drying the shrimp species. The species dried in approximately 4 hours to a final moisture content (MC) of 20%. At the end of the three-month storage period, artificially dried shrimps packed in carton and polyethylene bags showed mean acceptability scores of 5.8 and 6.2, respectively at 10oC; while at 28oC, the mean scores were 5.3 and 5.7 for the carton and polyethylene, respectively. Polyethylene bags used as packaging material proved significantly better than carton. In sundried samples, storage at 10oC in carton and polyethylene showed a maximum shelf-life of 2.5 months, whereas, at 28oC, it was 2.25 months. At 28oC, the samples stores in PE were rejected with a score of 4 when the MC, Aw, Astacene, TVN and ammonia contents were 18.83, 0.74, 1.25, 113.37 and 86.40, respectively. Similarly, samples packed in carton were rejected when these values were 15.49, 0.672, 1.37, 107.95, and 85.01, respectively. At storage temperature of 10oC, these values were 18.07, 0.724, 1.65, 111.59 and 86.44 for samples in PE, whereas, in carton, these were 9.02, 0.439, 1.40, 89.06, respectively.-
Siganids
163. Aragones, Naniel De Vera-Taxonomy, distribution, and relative abundance of juvenile siganids and aspects of the Padas fishery in Bolinao, Pangasinan. July 1987. 69 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas-Iloilo City. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1987 A73) -Juvenile siganids in abundance are found to belong to three species: Siganus canaliculatue (Mungo Park), S. spinue (Linnaeue) and S. Argenteus (Quoy & Galmand). They are common around Santiago island off Bolinao during the peak of juvenile inshore migration and are abundant about the channel off Malinap and off Tagaporo islet, where the reef flat is characterized by a dense cover of seagrasses (Enhalus and thalassia spp.) Juvenile siganids are caught by bag net in deep waters and by beach seine and fish corral in the reef flats. This smaller S. canaliculatus (20-30 mm SL) comprise the bulk of the pino padas, while S. spinus (20-40 mm SL) and S. argenteus (46-56 mm SL) comprise the bulk of the larger darigayos padas. The juveniles of the three species are caught in commercial quantities from March to May, but only S. canaliculatus juvenile are caught in abundance from August to September. All become rare at other times of the year. The study shows that the seasonality and abundance of siganid juveniles in Cape Bolinao conforms to the 5-to 7-month monsoonal periodicity of the recruitment pulses typical of Philippine fishes, while the last active fishing of the padas has been traditionally times with the last quarter and new moon lunar phases when tidal fluctuations are at a minimum.-
164. Toledo, Ceferino Fernandez. Survival and growth of siganid (Siganus Guttatus) in floating net cages with commercial formulated feed and filamentous green alga (Chaetomorpha Linum. May 1990. 73 leaves -Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 2001 F5 C47) Four experimental feeds namely: commercial formulated feed (CFF) containing 25 - crude protein (Treatment I). CFF containing 30 - Crude protein (Treatmeent 2), combination of 50 - CFF containing 30 - crude protein and 50 - filamentous green algae (lumut) (Treatment 3) and "lumut" only (Treatment 4) were tested to determine their effects on the survival and growth of siganus guttatus reared in floating net cages in seawater at a stocking density of 50 fish/m3 for 122 days.
Results indicated that commercial formulated feeds had significantly better effects on growth and production of S. guttatus compared with the combination of 50 - CFF and 50 - "lumut" and the "lumut" only. The highest mean growth of 77.7 g/fish and production of 4.18 kg/m3 cage obtained in Treatment 2 did not differ significantly from the growth of 70.1 g/fish and production of 3.86 kg/m3 in Treatment I. On the other the growth of 44.9 g/fish and a production of 2.56 kg/m3 obtained in Treatment 3 was not significantly different from the lowest growth of 40.8 g/fish and production of 2.26 kg/m3 in Treatment 4.
The mean rate of survival ranged from 89 - 96 - with no significant differences among the four treatments.
Treatment 2, 1 and 3 in this order had a mean conversion values of 2.3, 2.5 and 3.4 respectively which were not siginificantly different from each other but highly different from Treatment 4 (18.1).
The commercial formulated feeds with 25 - and 30 - crude protein (CP) appeared to be economically feasible as feed for net cage culture of S. guttatus. A net income of P113.25 /m3 -cage and a benefit cost ratio of 1.47 were obtained from fish fed with CFF containing 30 - CP, while only P75.50 and 1.32 were obtained from fish fed with the CFF containing 25 - CP.-
Slipmouth
165. Pagdilao, Cesario R.-Taxonomy, growth and mortality of slipmouths (Order Perciformes, Family Leiognathidae) in Manila Bay. December 1982. 114 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1982 M2 P34) A study was conducted, from May to August 1980, of the biology of slipmouth (pisces: Leiognathidae) in Manila Bay.
Slipmouth (or sapsap) contributed only 0.43 - of the total trawl catch during the sampling period of four (4) months. The dominant species was Secutor insidiator.
Only seven (7) species of the family were collected out of the fourteen (14) species reported earlier from the Manila Bay. Leiognathus fasciatus, which was not reported in Manila bay was collected during the investigation.
A taxonomic key of the seven (7) species were prepared. In addition, length-weight and morphometric relationships were computed.
Due to insufficient number of samples, it was not possible to estimate the growth parameters of the Von Bertalanffy Growth Formula (VBGF) from the data collected. However, the raw data of Tiews and Caces-Borja (1965) were reanalyzed to determine the parameters of the VBGF using the ELEFAN I computer program and the Gulland and Holt method. Mortality rates exploitation ratio and recruitment patterns were determined using the ELEFAN II computer program.-
Snapper
166. Estudillo, Mary Chona Belen-Salinity tolerance of eggs and larvae of the mangrove Red Snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus). April 1998. 51 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1998 F5 E8)-A series of experiments aws carried out to evaluate the salinity preference of eggs and larvae of Lutjanus argentimaculatus during ontogeny. L. argentimaculatus eggs at morula, embryonic shield and eyed stage were transferred directly to five salinity gradients (8, 16, 24, 32 and 40 ppt). Eggs transferred at morula and eyed stage showed significantly high tolerance to salinity changes than those transferred at embryonic shield stage. The eggs developed and hatched in all salinities regardless of the embryonic stage at transfer. Embryonic development was delayed and hatching peak was relatively longer at salinities of 8, 16, and 42ppt than at 32 and 40 ppt. larval length and yolk volume at hatching did not vary significantly with salinity. No significant relationship was observed between yolk resorption and larval growth at varying salinities. Percentages of viable larvae increased with increasing salinities, while a negative correlation existed between percentages of abnormal larvae and salinities indicating that the optimum salinity range for egg incubation is 32 and 40 ppt.
Tolerance of L. argetimaculatus larvae to salinity, Changed with age. Newly hatched larvae tolerated abrupt change of salinity from 8 to 4o ppt than 7-14- or 21-day old larvae. High tolerance to abrupt salinity change increased starting on day 28. Regardless of age, L. argentimaculatus larvae consistently showed longer LT50 when abruptly transferred to 16 ppt. Long term effect of salinity (larval reaing) gave no significant differnes on growth and survival rates during the first rearing -phase (day 0-21) and second phase of rearing (day 22-50). However, the condition factor (K) of larvae reared at lower salinities was significantly higher compared to those at 40 ppt indicating that the larvae reared at 40 ppt were leaner (P<0.05). Gill epithelia of 42- and 50-day old larvae showed increased size and density of chloride cells (CC) at higher salinities (32 and 40 ppt). The increase in size and density of CC at salinities of 24 and 16 ppt indicate the osmoregulatory function of the CC at higher salinities.-
Spot
167. Baldevarona, Rodolfo B. Effect of feeding and stocking density on growth and survival of spot, Leiostomus xanthurus Lacepede. 1987. 117 leaves. Dissertation –Ph D. in Marine Science—University of South Carolina.—South Carolina, USA. Available: CFOSL-SerialLG996 1987 F5 B34) –The objectives of this study were to estimate the size of the wild population of spot, Leiostomus xanthurus Lacepede, in North Inlet estuary, South Carolina, and to determine the effects of feeding and stocking density on their growth and survival. To estimate the wild population, a tag and recapture method was used and samples wer taken for wight, length and otolith analysis. Growth rates were also estimated. To satisfy the second objective, feeding experiments were conducted in a battery of aquaria was equipped with a flow-through seawater system. All the fish used in these experiments were marked with oxytetracycline.HCL by immersion. The first feeding experiment determined which commercially available feeds (shrimp, trout and catfish chows) would yield the highest weight gain and survival of spot. The second feeding experiment used the identified feed to determine the optimum feeding ration for the stocking density experiment and the effect of staggered feeding ration. After each feeding experiments, fish were sacrificed and their otoliths removed and analyzed for increment formation.
The tag and recapture method effectively estimated the wild population of spot. The population reached its peak size in July and suddenly decline in August. The wild spot weight and length were logarithmically correlated spot weight and length were logarithmically correlated (Adj R-squared = 0.96), and the otolith weight with length (Adj R-squared = 0.96). Although fish weight gain from trout chow was not significantly higher than that of the shrimp chow. Trout chow gave a significantly higher weight gain thanf catfish chow. Because of this, trout chow was used in the feeding experiments. Spot had the highest weight gain when stocked at 2.0 g/L and fed at 6.0% of their total body weight. The widest otolith increment was found in fish stocked at 2.0 g/L and 3.0 g/L (2.0 g/L gave a higher value) and fed at 6.0% and 4.0% of their total body weight (6.0% gave a higher value). When staggered feeding regimes were administered to the fish, the fish gained the most weight when fed at 10.0% total body weight. Growth rates derived from this study were comparable with those from the wild population. Furthermore, the widest otolith increments were found in the fish during the first week of feeding and fed at 10.0% and 5.0% (10.0% gave a higher value) of their total body weight. Otolith increments were formed daily as demonstrated by the oxytetracycline.HCL marked at time zero.
Spotted scat
168. Cruz, Paul Felipe S. Dietary use of sex steroids and thyroid hormone as potential growth promoters for the spotted scat (Scatophagus argus Linnaeus) and milkfish (Chanos chanos Forskal). July 1988. 51 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1988 F5 C7)-The study evaluates the potential use of 17a-methyl testosterone (MT)., estradiol-17B (E2), and/or 3,5,3-tiiodo-L-thyronine (t3), as growth promoters for the spotted scat Scatophagus argus and milkfish Chanos chanos. Scat fry were fed indoor diets containing 0,0.1,1.0,5.0, and 10.0 ppm T3. No effect on growth, feed efficiency, and survival was detected after 200 days. Increasing doses resulted to a decreasing trend in condition factor and body-tail ratio. Other abnormalities were evident at 5.0 and 10.0 ppm T3. In adult scats, MT or E2 at 10.0 and 20.0 ppm, or at 10.0 ppm combination with 5.0 ppm T3, failed to improve growth after 70 days in pond cages. All hormone treatments had depressed growth and feed consumption. The control had the highest hepatosomatic index but was not significant to treatments 10.0 and 20.0 ppm E2. In milkfish, MT was tested indoor on juveniles at 0, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, and 40.0 ppm. After 112 days, MT at 1.0 ppm appeared to be anabolic, improving growth by 27.1%. Higher doses tended to depress food consumption and growth. Growth was significantly depressed at 40.0 ppm MT. No hormonal effect was observed on feed efficiency and survival. Increasing MT doses caused a trend of increasing condition factor. There appears to be no anabolic potential of MT, E2, and/or T3 on scats. The study suggests species specificity on the anabolic potency of these hormones. Use of MT to enhance growth in juvenile milkfish appears to have promising commercial applications.-
Tilapia
169. Duremdez, Roselyn C.-Identification and characterization of the physiological properties of Pseudomonas sp. isolated from cultured Sarotherodon niloticus fry. October 1982. 98 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1982 F5 D87) Identification and examination of the physiological behaviour of Pseudomonas species isolated from frys of Sarotherodon niloticus was conducted. Based on the morphological and biochemical characteristics, the bacterium was identified as a strain closest to Pseudomonas flourescens. In vitro physiological growth patterns at varying temperatures, NaCl concentrations, and pH were observed for a maximum of 11 days incubation period. Bacterial growth occurred at the temperature range of 10 o to 41 oC but not at 4 o and 42 oC with optimum growth at 25 o to 30 oC. The bacterium tolerates NaCl concentrations of 0 to 50 ppt but not at 70 ppt. Optimum growth was obtained for 0-15 ppt. Likewise, it can grow at pH 5.0 to 9.7 but inhibited at pH 4.6 and pH 10.6. Optimum growth for pH ranged from 5.0 to 8.4.
Upon isolation of the test bacterium into different water samples from shallow well, drinking water (MIWD) dam, freshwater pond, cold spring, lake, reservoir, river, and hot spring, growth and rapid multiplication was noted with viability maintained throughout the 148 days incubation period. In brackishwater medium, growth of the isolated pathogenic bacterium was observed until 50 days. In seawater, the test bacterium did not thrive.-
170. Aquino, Lolita Vega. Some ecological considerations relative to cage culture of Tilapia nilotica in Sampaloc Lake. October 1982. 77 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas-Iloilo City. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1982 F5 A68)-Temperature profiles of Sampaloc Lake were determined from September 1979 to September 1980 to establish the stratification behavior of the lake. Primary production was measured from November 1979 to October 1980 by the light-and-darkbottle oxygen method. Bioassays of the lake water with hypolimnial water and with nutrient concentrate were made from July to September 1980 to determine if nutrients are limiting the production. One cubic meter experimental cages made of CC-polyehylene nets were installed in triplicates at the SW portion of the lake andstocked with T. nilotica fingerlings at 50 m-3 for growth study. Stockings were made 6 times from March 1980 to September 1980. Thermal stratification was observed from September to November 1979 and March to September 1980. The period December 1979 to February 1980 appeared to be a season of instability with periods of upwelling anoxic hypolimial water that could make the lake unfit for fish culture. Bioassays indicated that nutrients were limiting in August 1980. Although primary production during the period for cage culture was observed to be from March to July. Fingerlings stocked during this period grew from 5 to 100g in three months. The following equations established certain relationships: a. Fish growth (Y) and Gross Primary Production m-3day-1(X) Y = 0.74 + 2.18 log 10 x r2 = 0.69 s = +- 0.21 b. Visibility(Y) and Gross Primary Production m-3day-1(x) Y = 1.94 - 2.13log x c. Gross Primary Production (X3), initial weight (X2) and fish -growth (X1) Xi = 12.54 - 6.50log10x2 + 9.15 log 10x3 r2 = 0.54 s = +-1.6 The maximum yield that could be expected in Sampaloc Lake during the period from March 15 to November 30 was estimated to be 400-700 kg/ha-1 based on the total gross primary prduction of 450.6 g C m-2 and Prowse's conversion efficiency of 1.79-1.02- primary to fish production. Lack of proper management, particularly stocking beyond the lake's capacity appeared to be the major cause of slow growth of T. nilotica in the cages.-
171. Atmini, Sri. . Effects of various lipid sources on growth, survival, and feed conversion ratio of Tilapia Hybrid Fry (Oreochromis niloticus x O. mossambicus) reared in brackishwater. April 1992. 49 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1992 F5 S75) An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of various lipid sources on growth, survival, and feed converstion ratio of tilapia hybrid fry (Oreochromis niloticus x O. mossambicus) under brackishwater rearing conditions (20-25 ppt). Six diets (14 or 23- crude fat, 30- protein, 4,293 to 4,775 kcal/kg) were used. After a 5-week conditioning, fish (0.84-+0.38g; 3.31-+0.59 cm TL) were stocked in 200 liter brackishwater at 50 individuals/tank. Twenty-one 300 liter conical fiberglass tanks attached to a recirculating water system (0.5-1.0 liter/min flow rate) were used. Fish were fed diets containing either 3- cod liver (CLO3, Trt.I, control), and 10- cod liver (CLO10, Trt. II), 10- olive (00, Trt.III), 10- soya (SO, Trt. IV), 10- corn (CO, Trt.V), 10- coconut (CoO, Trt. VI), or 10- sesame (SeO, Trt.VII) oils. Feeding rate was adjusted every week; feeding was four times daily.
Among the treatments, fish fed CLO10 has numerically the highest mean body weight (13.16 g), followed by CoO (12.54 g), So and CLO3 (12.09 g), CO (11.78 g), OO (10.35 g ), and SeO (9.65 g). Survial and FCR ranged from 92.67 to 98.0- and 1.78 to 2.11, repectively. Weight gain, survival rate, and FCR were not significantly different among treatment means (P> 0.05). Fat deposition in the control increased significantly from an initial 26.01 to 37.7 -. Final fat deposition in the treatments ranged 45.87 to 48.28-. Cod liver oil, coconut oil, and soya oil seem to be the sources of lipid. However,-the cheaper sources of lipid like coconut and soya oil are recommended.-
172. Avillanosa, Augustus P. -Reproduction, growth, survival and carcass composition of two strains and reciprocal crosses of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1757). April 1999. 69 leaves Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1999 F5 A85) Two F1 Nile tilapia strains and their reciprocal crosses were evaluated fromtheir seed production in this study. The two Nile Tilapia strains were : the Nile Zarraga (NZ) strain and the Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT). The experimental treatments consisted of : Trt I (NZ female x NZ male); Trt II (GIFT female x NZ male); Trt III(NZ female x GIFT male); and Trt IV (GIFT female and GIFT male).
After 14 days of breeding in hapa at a stocking density of 224.1 to261.0 g/m3, results showed that seed production was influenced by strain. The highest seed production was obtained by intra-strain cross Trt I at 4,568 seed/ kg female and was significantly (P.0.05) different from Trt IV with 2,110 seed/ kg female. However, Trt I did not significantly differ from inter-strain cross TrtII with 3, 265 seed/ kg female.
The F2 of two strains and their reciprocal crosses were evaluated for their growth, survival and carcass composition comparing the normal and methyltestosterone (MT)- treatments. The fry (0.01 g) of all crosses were given no hormone feed for normal treatments and with methyltestosterone hormone feed for MT- treatments for 28 days. For the normal treatment there were four treatments, Trt IA, IIA, IIIA, and IVA, while in the MT-treatments, Trt IB, IIB, IIIB, and IVB. All treatments were subjected to three consecutive rearing experimental phases: sex reversal treatment (SRT), nursery and grow- out phases.
In the SRT phase, fry stocked at 100 pcs/m3 in hapa for 28 days rearing and in the nursery phase, fingerlings stocked at 250 pcs/m3 for 49 days of - rearing, showed no effect of strain and hormone on fry growth.
In the grow-out phase, wherein fish were stocked at 50 pcs/m3 reared for 57 days in cages, comparing Trt IIA with normal treatments, Trt IIA obtained significantly (P,0.01) higher mean weight (105.53 g) over other normal treatments. Trt IIB obtained higher mean weight (146.23 g) and total production (7.31 kg/m3) which were significantly (P,0.01) different from the other MT-treatments indicating the advantage of maternal contribution of the GIFT strain.
Carcass traits (dressed and filleted weights) of Trt IV (GIFT female x GIFT male) was highest in both normal and MT treatments. In the proximate composition, protein, fat fiber and ash content, no differences were found in all treatments.
The inter-strain cross GIFT female x NZ male in Trt II and hormone treating their fry gave better growth in the grow-out phase than other treatments. This also indicated that maternal effect and hormone treatment improved fish growth in the grow-out phase, but not in the early rearing phase (SRT and nursery phases). This further showed that ther is no improvement on the fish growth at the grow-out phase in the MT-treatments as compared to the normal treatments because the MT-treatments had high percentage(91.5 to 93.5 -) of male.-
173. Badillo, Susan Delos Santos. The Effect of sex reversal treatment on the growth and survival of two strains of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Mossambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) raised in brackishwater. August 2000. 60 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 2000 F5 B33)-A study to determine the effects of sex reversal (SRT) on the growth and survival of the two strains of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Mossambiquetilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) was conducted in four 2m x 1m x 1.5m suspendedhapa nets in UPV-IA Hatchery and Biology brackishwater fishpond for 75 days. Theexperimental treatments and codes used in this study were the following, Treatment GGn (GIFT/normal), Treatment GGsrt (GIFT/sex reversal), Treatment MMn (Moss/normal), Treatment GEsrt(GIFT-Egypt/sex reversal). Juvenile fry (average weight 0.01 g0 were subjected to sex reversal treatment by feeding fish diet with methyltestoterone at 60 mg per kg of feed for three weeks in freshwater.
After SRT,the fingerlings were nursed in fine mesh net (0.5 mm mesh, 2m x 1m x 1m) for 30 days until the fish attained the weight from 3.0 g to 5.3 g. They were individually tagged by fin clipping method. They were acclimated from 0 ppt to 20 ppt prior to experimental proper. Juvenile fish were fed with a commercial feed at 15- of their mean body weight per day from 1-30 days and 10 - per day of their mean body weight from day 31-75 days culture period.
Within the normal treatments, there was no significant (P<0.05) difference in mean body weights between Treatments GGn and GEn but both are significantly higher (P<0.01) than Treatment MMn. Within the sex reversed treatments, mean body weight in treatment GGsrt was not significantly (P>0.05) different from Treatment GEsrt, but showed high significant (P<0.01) difference with Treatment MMsrt, similar to the normal treatments.
The highest average biomass of 808.88 g was obtained in Treatment GGsrt followed by Treatment GEsrt (795.58 g) and lowest in treatment MMn (367.63 g). The biomass gain of Tilapia within the normal treatments ranged from 282.6 g to 672.95 g. TReatment GGn showed no significant (P>0.05) different from Treatment GEn, but both were significantly higher from Treatment MMn. The same trend was observed within sex reversal treatments.
Treatment GGn obtained the highest (589.70-) percentage biomass gain and Treatment MMn (335.01-) was the lowest within the normal treatments. In sex reversal treatment, Treatment GGsrt has no significant difference with Treatment GEsrt, but both showed a high significant difference in treatment MMsrt.
Highest specific growth rate was observed in Treatment GGn(2.62 g day-1) and lowest Treatment MMn (1.97 g day-1). Mean condition factor (MCF) of tilapia was highest in Treatment GGn (1.60), followed by Treatment GEn (1.56) and lowest in Treatment MMsrt (1.17). Within the normal treatments, Treatment GGn and GEn showed no significant difference (P>0.05), but both were significantly higher (P<0.01) than Treatment MMn. Within the SRT treatment, all treatments showed highly significant (P<0.01) difference from each other with highest at Treatment GGsrt and lowest at Treatment MMsrt. Mean survival ranged from 95- to 100-.
Highest percent male population was obtained in hormone-treated fish (95-100-) compared to normal treatments 64-71 -). Sex reversaldid not.improve growth and survival of the two strains of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus), but improved the growth of Mossambique tilapia (O. mossambique) significantly after 75 days under the conditions this experiment was conducted.
174. Belmonte, Bernardo Dindo B. Effects of feeding schemes and feeding frequencies on growth and survival of Tilapia Hybrid(Oreochromis niloticus X O. mossambicus) raised in cages in brackishwater. April 1994.. 60 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1994 F5 B4) A study to determine an effective feeding scheme and feeding frequency was carried out with fingerlings produced from cross breeding of Oreochromis niloticus female and O. mossambicus male and was subjected to sex-reversal treatment. Fingerlings 24.1g each were stocked at 215 fish/cu m in plastic cage in brackishwater. There were two feeding schemes: first at the feeding rate of 10,6,4,(T1) and second 10,8,6- (T2) body weight on the 1-18th, 19-36th, 3-83rd days respectively. For every feeding scheme there were two feeding frequencies at two times and six times per day. All treatments were assigned at random. A commercial tilapia feed (B-Meg), starter and grower, were used for 83 cultured days. The mean body weight per fish and total fish production which ranged from 256.6 to 324.1g per fish and from 51.8 to 62.7 kg per cage, respectively, were not significantly different between the two feeding schemes (T1 and T2). However, mean total fish production were significantly higher in fish fed six times than fish fed two times per day. The feeding scheme significantly affected the apparent food conversion ratio (AFCR). The AFCR ranged from 1.0-1.1 and 1.4-1.5 in T1 and T2 feeeding schemes respectively, regardless of feeding frequency. Salinity , temperature and dissolved oxygen ranged from 13-25 ppt, 25-29 C ad\nd 4.6-11.3 ppm, respectively. On the other hand, water current and transparency ranged from 0.02-0.32 m/sec and from 30.0-90.0 cm, respectively. Simple cost analysis of all treatments revealed that treatment 1 at twice feeding per day had lowest production cost and highest net income, highest return on investments(ROI) and shorter payback period, hence most profitable.-
175. Braganza, Rosita Nalzano. Spoilage pattern of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) acclimated to cold and warm water temperature-May 1986. 176 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Spoilage pattern, Nile tilapia, Watere temperature. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1986 F5 B73) -The shelf-life in ice of Oreochromis niloticus L. acclimated to cold and warm temperatures was determined. Objective tests such as pH, TVB, K-value and Hxwere used. Microbiological tests included total viable count, H2S- formers and identification of predominant spoilage organisms. Raw odour and texture, and cooked odour, flavour and texture of the fish were evaluated by six trained panelist. Fish acclimated to warm temperature showed an extended storage life in ice when compared to fish acclimated to cold temperatures. Sensory tests showed significant correlation with storage time. Microbiological tests were also found to correlate well with storage time. Among the objective tests, K-value and Hx concentration did not correlate with storage time and therefore are not useful indices for freshness of O. niloticus. Tests such as TVB, pH and log TVC showeda significant correlation with sensory scores.-
176. Corre, Valeriano L. Culture of Nile tilapia in brackishwater fishponds using supplemental feeds containing various levels of protein-March 1981-38 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1981 F5 C67)-An experiment was conducted in twelve 100m2 ponds of the Brackishwater Aquaculture Center, Leganes, Iloilo to determine the growth and survival of Tilapia nilotica in brackishwater ponds at supplement feeding and fertilization levels of management. Four treatments with three replicates each were: supplemental feeding with pelleted feeds containing 20% crude protein (Diet 2), 30% crude protein (Diet 3), and control with no feeding but fertilization only. The fish (4.10 g average weight) were stocked at a rate of 10,000 per hectare and grown to harvestable size for 90 days. Fish were fed twice daily six days a week at a rate of 5% body weight and adjusted every two weeks. Fish were sampled at four weeks interval . Diet 3 gave the best growth and highest net production (1,005.3 kg/ha), followed by Diet 2 with an average net production of 889.4 kg/ha, diet 1 (799 kg/ha) and the lowest was 342.1 kg/ha for the control (unfed but fertilized). the difference in growth and net production were significant at p 0.05. The hoghest growth attained by fish fed with Diet 3 indicated that 30% protein level in the diet provided for maximum growth. The highest average survival of 84% was attained in fish fed with Diet 2, followed by Diet 3 (82%), Diet 1 (79%) and the control (79%). However, significant differences were not observed among treatment means (p 0.05). The high survival showed that Tilapia nilotica could tolerate a wide range of salinity variations. The highest number of reproduction (fingerlings) was recovered from fish on Diet 3. Spawning occurred when salinity dropped to 14 ppt for four consecutive days ansd no spawning occurred in higher salinities. This result indicated that the higher salinity level may have some adverse effects on spawning. Net income above feed cost producing harvestable Tilapia nilotica in brackishwater fishponds showed that supplemental feedding was more profitable than culturing fish by fertilization alone. The 25% protein diet gave the highest profit among the three diets tested.-
177. Dureza, Lourdes A. The Effects of Various Salinity and Methyltestosterone Levels on the Growth, Survival and Sex Reversal of Tilapia mossambica (Peters). March 1980. 55 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995^b1980^cF5 D87)-Fry of tilapia mossambica (Peters), 7-12 mm in total length, were produced in hapas and ponds under brackishwater condition (27-62 ppt) and were subjected to four levels (0, 10, 20 and 30 ppt) of salinity and four methytestosterone concentrations (0, 15, 30 and 45 ppm) using a 4 x 4 factorial experiment in a split-plot design. An aquarium phase using a close recirculating awter system, permitted the evaluation of the effects of salinity and hormone levels on survival, growth, and sex reversal of tilapia fry, while the pond phase tested the effectsof previous hormone and salinity treatments on the survival, growth, and sex reversal of tilapia post-fingerlings.
The tilapia fry raised to fingerlings in aquaria for 42-45 days at salinity 0 and 10 ppt had significantly better survival (57-87 -) and growth rate (1.7-8.4 mg/fish per day) than those fry reared at 20 and 30 ppt (P<0.05). Salinity did not affect the levels of hormone which induces sex reversal. There was no significant (P>0.05) interaction between salinity and hormone levels on fish survival, growth and sex reversal. Methyltestosterone at 30 - 45 ppm produced 100 - male tilapia.
Data on further rearing of fingerlings to postfingerlings in ponds for one month, indicated that fish previously reared at low salinities (0 and 10 ppt) had good survival (85-93 -) and growth under pond condition at a salinity range of 32-49 ppt. There was no indication that sex reversal was altered in later stages of the fish reared under pond conditions.-
178. Ferriol, Ophelia S. The effect of azolla on the yield of rice and fish grown in a rice-cum-fish culture system. June 1985. 114 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1985 F5 F47) The effect of Azolla in the yield of rice and fish in arice-cum-fish culturesystem was investigated at the Palawan National Agricultural College using Complete Randomized Design. Tilapia nilotica was used with the IR-42 rice variety at the stocking density of 5000/ha and 1500/ha for the first and second trails, respectively. Two weeks after transplanting rice, fish were stocked and grown for 100 days.
A treatment of azolla with N, P, and K had more tillers than other treatments. Percent and weight of filled grains showed some trend as that of tiller count.
Grain yield of rice was highest in Treatment 1 (n,P,K and azolla, rice with fish). This was followed by T3 (N, P, and K, rice with fish), T2 (P,K and azolla, rice with fish) and T4 (N,P, and K only, rice without fish).
Alsofish production was highest in Treatment 1 (153.52 kg/ ha). This was followed byT2 (138.52 kg/ha) and T3 (126.11 kg/ha). Both trials showed the same trend as that of yield, i.e., highest in T1, followed by T2, and T3. Among treatments with fish the differnces in fish production were not significant.
Use of azolla both with and without N fertlizer showed increased income. When N was not applied but azolla added, the net income was higher by P115.56/ha. This is due to the higher cost of N fertilizer and lessr expense needed to produce azolla. Comparing T1 and T3 (which both had N, P, and K, but azolla not added to T3), T1 had a higher net return of P 196.02/ha. The results indicate that rice culture involved higher production cost than fish culture in rice paddies. The observations indi--dicate that fish culture in rice paddies is profitable and can provide an additional net income of about P 846.20/ha/crop.
Despite of some area used for trenches, the results indicate that there was no decline in rice production per unit area. In fact, it seems that the benefit derived by putting fish in the trenches was high enough to offset the decrease in income even if the whole area was devoted to rice only.-
179. Fineman-Kalio, Arthur Sunday. Effects of supplemental feeds containing different protein : energy ratios on the growth and survival of tilapia nilotica in brackishwater ponds. April 1984. 124 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1984 F5 F55) Nine (9) supplementary diets containing different protein : energy ratios were formulated and fed to Tilapia niloti ca fingerlings (average weight 2.90 g) in thirty 100 sq. m. fertilized brackishwater ponds of the UP-College of Fisheries Brackishwater Aquaculture Center, Leganes, Iloilo from November 7, 1982 to March 7, 1983 as follows : Treatment I (Control- no feeding but fertilization only); II (20:3,000 kcals); III(20:3,500 kcals);IV (20:4,000 kcals);V (25:3,000 kcals); VI (25:3,500 kcals);VII(25:4,000 kcals);VIII(30:3,000 kcals);IX(30:3,500 kcals); and X (30:4,000 kcals). // The highest mean weight gain of 102.21 g and net production of 25.34 kg/100sq. m. or equivalent to 2,534.62 kg/ha were obtained from TReatment X. A strong interaction between levels of protein and energy in the diets significantly affected weight gain, although there were no significant differences in net production of fish in different treatments probably due to influence of additional harvest of fingerlings from reproduction. Within the 30 - protein level, increasing energy levels from 3,000 kcals to 4,000 kcals had synergistic effects on the growth of the fish. However, high energy levels of 3,500 kcals to 4,000 kcals in combination with either 20 - or 25 - protein apparently interfered with protein utlization resulting in lower mean weights. Lower mean weight of fish was also obained in high protein-low energy die (30:3,000 kcals) which suggess hat non-protein energy required for protein catabolism was inadequate.
The best feed conversion was obained in treatment IX (1.55) while the - poorest was in treatment VI (2.04).
Fat and non-protein deposition was a ffected by the protein-energy ratios in the supplemental feeds. Condition factor was best in Treatment X with an index of 5.75 and lowes in treatment IV (5.32) and treatment VII (5.46) due to higher fat content of harvested fish. Low condition index in conrtol (treatment I) at 1.5011 was a direct result of low fat deposittion in the body.
Temperatures below 20oC slowed down growth rate of fish in all treatments. Meanwhile, reproduction occurred in all treatments at lower salinities of 17-29 ppt. Contribution to net production of fish at harvest by fingerlings from the reproduction ranged from a lower mean weight of 355.09 kg/ha in treatment VI to a high 1,059.61 kg/ha in treatment X among the fed treatments.
However, simple cost and returns analysis revealed that treatemnt II (20 : 3,000 kcals) gave the highest net income of P15.09 and P 13.94 per kilo of fish marketed, based on Iloilo and Metro Manila market prices, respectively mainly due to lower cost of the feed.-
180. Lapie, Lustina Pelegrina. Processing and utilization of acid treated fish silage as feed for tilapia spp. May 1989. 74 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1989 F5 L3 ) Fish silages were prepared from ground fish offal (heads, tails, fins, viscera and trimmings of Sardinella spp.) by addtion of concentrated formic acid (98-) at an amount equivalent to 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 - v/w of the fish offal.
The degree of proteolysis was determined by monitoring the changes in PH and amino N at 3-day intervals for 12 days. The final product chosen for feed formulationwas the sample with the lowest concentration of formic acid (2.5 -) since the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) indicated no significant difference in amino N content among the samples, at 5 - level.
Digestibility studies of fish silage and fish meal showed that fish silage was more digestible than fish meal as indicated by the higher apparent digestibility coefficient obtained.
The efficiency of diets formulated from fish meal and those from fish silage and fish meal were compared by determining the growth responses in tilapia. The diets were iso-proteinic. Results showed that diet I (with fish meal) and Diet 2 (1:1, fish meal:fish silage) were more efficient than Diet 3 (1:3; fish meal: fish silage) as exhibited by higher average weight gain and specific growth rate values. The highest Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) was obtained in tilapia fed with Diet 2.-
181. Recometa, Renato D.-Polyculture of nile tilapia (Tilapia nilotica), common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and freshwater clam (Cristaria plicata) in ponds with supplemental feeding. July 1980. 42 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1980 F5 R43) A study of the polyculture of Nile Tilapia (Tilapia nilotica), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and freshwater clam (Cristaria plicata) with supplemental feeding was conducted to determine the effects on growth, survival, and total production of two densities of common carp in combination with tilapia as the main species, to determine the effects of clams on water quality and fish production, and to determine the extent of competition of carp on tilapia. The study aws conducted for 120 days in ponds of approximately 500 m2 each. Results indicated that mean net production for tilapia in all treatments did not differ significantly suggesting that tilapia cultured in combination with carp and clam had growth artes comparable with tilapia alone. Mean net production for carp differed sigificantly due to differences in stocking rates. The clams showed relatively poor growth in all treatments and apparently have not contributed to increased tilapia production. There was no evidence that the clam at a density of 500/ha helped in either reducation of waste products and maintenance of cleaner water. // There was marked evidence for food competition between tilapia and carp in Treatments I and II. The degree of competition was considered greater in population with lower density (Treatment II). This might be due to the size attaied by the carp in this treatment, such that, they might have established stable feeding positions over tilapia.
Percentage weight distribution for tilapia and carp showed more than 50 - attaining weight range of 100-200 g. The weight range for tilapia-were almost identical in all treatments. However, carp at the same level varied considerably. Carp in Treatment I showed 89.6 - within the range of 100 - 200 g compared with Treatment II with 58.8 -. The higher density of carp in Treatmet II (2,000/ha) could be the contributing factor in attaining this size group compared to Treatmet II (1,000/ha).-
182. Saluan-Abduhasan, Fathma. Quality changes in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after delayed icing and subsequent storage in ice-April 1985. 118 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas-Miagao Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1985 F5 A23)-Quality changes in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) iced directly on harvesting were compared to those occuring when icing was delayed. Chemical and sensory examinations showed that the shelf life of tilapia was 26 days when iced immediately, 20 days and 16 days with 4 and 8 hours delay, respectively. Fish kept at ambient temperature for 12 hours were rejected for one day in ice. These re-sults suggests that for every hour delay in icing the effective shelf life is reduced by approximately one day up to the 8th hour delay. Total volatile nitro- gen values increased with storage time. Likewise, K-value and hypoxantine values increased as storage time increased. The initial bacterial load rangedfrom 10 raised to 3 up to 10 raised to 4 cfu/g of fish. At rejection, the microbial load was 10 raised to 8 up to 10 raised to 9 cfu/g of fish with H2S-producers count of 10 raised to 6 up to 10 raised to 7 cfu/g. The typical off odours of naturally spoiling fish have been reproduced inblocks of sterile muscle by organisms such as Alteromonas putrefaciens, Pseudomonas sp, Pseudomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas flourescens and Pseudomonas stutze-ri.-
183. Salvador, Ronelie Chato. Growth, survival and bacterial load of sex-reversed tilapia hybrid (Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis mossambicus) cultured in seawater netcages at various stocking densities-May 1992-84 -Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1992 F5 S2) The growth performance and survival of tilapia hybrid (Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis mossambicus) in the marine environment were compared at three stocking densities (50,100 and 200 fish/m3). The bacterial population of the cultured stocks and seawater was also investigated to obtain baseline information on seacage management procedures, particularly disease prevention and control. // The fry hybrids were spawned in freshwater, sex reversed for three weeks at 5- 15 ppt, nursed for about one month in tanks at 15 - 25 ppt, and reared in 1 m3 floating netcages for 131 days at 34- 38 ppt. Specific growth rate, condition factor, feed conversion ratio, survival, fish yield and bacterial load were determined at each stocking density. // No significant difference in specific growth rates, condition factors, feed conversion ratios and survival was observed between stocking densities. Difference in fish yield was highly significant between 100 and 200 fish/m3. Specific growth rates (2.78 - - 2.98 -) and condition factors (1.78 - - 1.85 -) were low but feed conversion ratios (2.78 - 3.22 ) were high. This result was correlated to high energy demand of osmoregulation, growth and agression at high salinity. // Bactera isolated from liver samples and rearing seawater were Pseudomonas sp. (35.71 -), Flavobacterium sp. (28.58 -), Vibrio sp. (21.43 -), Alcaligenes sp. (7.14 -) and Acitenobacter sp. ( 7.14 -). No correlation between bacterial load of rearinng seawater, fish biomass and water physico-chemical parameters was observed. // Studies on feeding requirement in- seawater and the growth response of tilapia hybrid at seacage biomass higher than 200 fish/m3 are recommended.-
184. Silva, Alberto Alfar. Modular system of culturing mixed-sex java tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus in brackishwater fishpond at two stocking densities. October 1993. 85 leaaves -Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials-Two experimental culture systems for Java tilapia, namely : modular system with two stocking densities of 6,667/ha and 13, 334/ha, Treatments I and III, respectively, and straight culture system also with two stocking densities of 6,667/ha and 13,334/ha Treatments II and IV, respectively, were tested to determine their effects on the growth and survival of mixed-sex Java Tilapia in 16 units of 450 sq. m. ponds of the Iloilo State College of Fisheries, Barotac Nuevo, Iloilo. The experiment was conducted using a factorial in a completely randomized design (CRD) and replicated four times for a period of 86 days.
Average initial weight of the experimental fish ranged from 28.67 g to 31.46 g. Highest mean weight for tilapia at harvest was obtained in Treatment I (56.13 g) Mean weights of tilapia for Treatments II, III and IV were 47 .63 g, 51.31 g, and 49.48 g, respectively. The effect of treatments in mean weight at harvest were not significantly different (P>0.05).
The mean rate of survival did not differ significantly among Treatments. Highest survival was obtained in Treatment I (85.33 -) while Treatment IV gave the lowest survival of 77.58 -.
In terms of tilapia young production (kg/ha) at harvest, the modular ponds (Treatments I and III) differ significantly from the straight-culture system (Treatments II and IV). There was no significant Difference between Treatment I (23.22 kg/ha) and Treatment III (32.97 kg/ha) while Treament II (250.51 kg/ha) differd significantly from Treatment IV (177.43 kg/ha) at 5 -level of significance. Meanwhile, average -number of young tilapia assessed at transfer in modular ponds was obviously higher in Treatment III (22,448/ha) from Treatment I (15, 264/ha).
Profitwise, Treatment III gave the highest return of investment and cost-benefit ratio of 59.52 - and 1.59, respectively, which indicated the advantage of using modular system with higher stocking density as one of the best culture systems of culturing mixed-sex Java Tilapia.-
Tuna
185. Abuso, Zenaida V. The Occurence, distribution and abundance of larval stages of tunas in Ragay Gulf, Burias Pass, Ticao Pass and waters North of Samar Sea. March 1988. 118 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1988 F5 A2)-A total of 146 tuna larvae representing a 0.004- share in the total fish larvae catch was collected from Ragay Gulf, Burias Pass, Ticao Pass and waters north of Samar Sea during the sampling period from November 1981 to December 1982. Seven species of tunas were identified and described to species level. Euthynnus affinis and Thunnus obesus comprised a highest relative abundanceof 24.05- in the larval tuna collection. Auxis thazard and A. rochei were sec- ondly abundant with 16.0- and 14.0- share, respectively. Thunnus albacares, Thunnus alalunga and Katsuwonus pelamis were relatively rare with only 5, 4 and 2.0- share, respectively. The highest abundance of the larvae were observed mainly in Ragay Gulf in May where warmer temperatures ranging from 26.56oC to 28.91oC and salinity values from 33.97o/oo to 34.42o/oo prevailed.-
186. Barut, N.C. Food and feeding habits of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) caught by handline around Payao in Moro Gulf. 1987. 95 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-College of Fisheries,UPV-Iloilo City. Location: ICLARM Library Item no.1686-
187. Djazuli, Nazori. Quality changes in skipjack tuna (Katsowonus pelamis) after delayed icing and subsequent storage in ice (0oC -2oC). November 1991. 119 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries-U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials-Quality changes in skipjack tuna (Katsowunos pelamis) held at ambient temperature (27o- 32oC) and ice (0o - 2oC) with different time interval delays in icingwere studied.
Sensory evaluation showed that the shelf-life of skipjack tuna was 16.9 hours at ambient temperature, 18.7 days when iced immediately, and 11.2, 7.06, or 4.9 days with 5, 10, or 15 hours delay, respectively. Shelflife of skipjack tuna in ice was reduced by approximately one day for every hour delay in icing.
Nucleotide decomposition expressed as percent K-value were 60.6 to 79.5- at rejection levels. However hypoxanthine values, were found to be low reaching 0.17 to 0.22 um/g at the end of the study (20 day). Total Volatile Nitrogen (TVN) values of fish held at ambient temperature increased progressively reaching values of 39.1 mg/100g at rejection point. In Contrast, TVN values during storage in ice were found to be fluctuating. Both hypoxanthine and TVN were questionable as quality indices for this species stored in ice at 0o -2oC.
Total viable count (TVC) increased progressively reaching counts of 10 +6 to 10+7 cfu/g at rejection point for fish held at ambient temperature and 10 +7 to 10 +8 cfu/g for fish stored in ice respectively. H2s producer count at ambient temperature was found to be low reaching 10 +3 to 10 +4 cfu/g at the end of the experiment (20 hours). However during storage in ice, H2S producer count increased progressively reaching 10 +5 to 10 +7 at rejection point.
Histamine in both white and dark meat increased with storage time when it was rejected, histamine content- were 5.87, to 7.36 mg- and 5.97 to 7.37 mg- for white and dark meat, respectively. White meat contained higher histamine level than did dark meat at the last stages of the study.-
188. Prado, Valentino Verona. Analysis of the purse seine-caught skipjack tuna katsowonus pelamis, and associated species around Payaos in Ilocos waters. August 1998. 124 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials(LG995 1998 F5 P3) The study, "Analysis of the Purse seine-caught Skipjack Tuna (Katsowunos pelamis), and Associated Species Around Payaos in Ilocos Waters", was conducted to obtain information on purse seine-payao fishing activity and major species caught along Ilocos Waters. Purse seine landings were monitored from January to December 1993. Catch, species composition, effort annd characteristic of payaos were evaluated and analyzed.
Findings indicated that purse seine landings consist of 90 - tunas and 10 - associated species. Among the tunas, skipjack and the yellowfin are the dominant species consisting average contributions of 65- and 20 - of the total landings respectively. Both species occur year round. The peak season of skipjack is during the NE monsoon months with the highest catch rate in March. Meanwhile, roundscad form the bulk of the bycatch.
Results also showed that about 10 - of skipjack and 40- yellowfin landings are immature or small-sized.
Analysis of the characteristics of the payaos suggests that bamboo payao is better compared to steel. Statistical test reveal significant variations on the performance of both payaos along this coast.
The distribution of the payao-associated skipjack is within 23 to 69 cm range with major and minor peaks at 44-46 and 32-34 cm respectively. The length weight conversion value for this species is W=3.565 x 10 raised to -6, L raised to 3.4385, r2 = 0.94.
Findings also show that several maturity stages may be available to the fishery in any season of the year. The presence of ripe and spent gonads from March to June and -September to December suggests spawning seasons in this coast.
The length at first maturity is estimated at 39.6 to 42.0cm. females comprise lower proportion than males but no significant differences existed.
Relatively, results indicate at least two dictinct size groups of skipjack exploited by the surface gear along Ilocos Waters. Initial estimate on the growth parameters of the said species in agreement with the values obtained in Southern Philippines.-
189. Tandog, Dulce Dizon-State of exploitation and population dynamics of skipjack tuna (Katsowunos pelamis) in waters of Misamis Oriental. March 1984. 91 leaves. Thesis-M.S. in Fisheries -U. P. in the Visayas. Miag-ao, Iloilo. Location: CFOSL-Serials (LG995 1984 F5 F35)-The present paper discusses the fishery, iology and population dynamics of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) caught around Macajalar Bay and nearby areas of Bohol Sea.
Statistics collected for this study on the landing figures show that catches of skipjack represent a small fraction (5-) of the total catch during the study period January to June, 1982. The landings of this species are mainly taken from payao catches and from free-swimming schools using ringnet.
The comparison of sizes of skipjack from different landings show that payao-caught fish are generally smaller in size compared to those from free swimming schools.
The mean size at first maturity of skipjack computed in this study is 43.1 cm.
The results of the gonad analysis, seasonality pattern based on landing figures and length-frequency distributions show that April/May and November are peak fishing seasons and spawning months.
The recruitment patterns computed from the frequency data revealed that skipjack have two pulses per year which confirms the results of gonad analysis.
The stomach contents analysis revealed that the diet of skipjack consists mainly of fish.
The Von Bertalanfy growth parameters L = 82.2 cm and K= 0.48 were estimated from the length frequency data.
Total mortality rates computed in this study show a decreasing trend for the years 1979 to 1982.
